342 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE lose. Oils can be successfully suspended, and remain suspended for up to a six-week time period both at room and elevated temperatures. The complex also has the ability of suspending other agents such as titanium dioxide in combination with the oils. By taking advantage of the stablizing ability of this complex, one can potentially mitigate the detrimental effects brought on by amphiphilic emulsifiers and still develop success- ful skin care formulations. REFERENCES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) T. Forster, "Principles of Emulsion Formation," in Surfactants In Cosmetics, 2nd ed., M. M. Reiger and L. D. Rhein, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 105-123. J. Evison, Autumn symposium on emulsions and emulsion technology, Cosmet. Toiletr., 111, 35-41 (1996). D. Steinberg, Frequency of use of emollients in cosmetics in 1996, Cosmet. Toiletr., 112, 31-32 (1997). V. Chhabra, M. L. Free, P. K. Kang, S. E. Truesdail, and D. O. Shah, Microemulsions as an emerging technology, Tenside Surf Det., 34(3), 156-158, 160-162, 164-168 (1997). M. M. Reiger, "Surfactant Chemistry and Classification," in Surfactants In Cosmetics, 2nd ed., M. M. Reiger and L. D. Rhein, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 1-28. L. D. Rhein, "In Vitro Interactions: Biochemical and Biophysical Effects of Surfactants on Skin," in Surfactants In Cosmetics, 2nd ed., M. M. Reiger and L. D. Rhein, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 397-424. M. M. Reiger, Surfactant interactions with skin, Cosmet. Toiletr., 110, 31-50 (1995). M. Misra, K.P. Ananthapamanabhan, K. Hayberg, R.P. Gursky, S. Prowell, and M. Aronson, Correlation between surfactant-induced ultrastructural changes in epidermis and transepidermal water 1oss. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 48(5), 219-234 (1997). L. D. Rhein, Review of properties of surfactants that determine their interaction with stratum cor- neum. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 48(5), 253-274 (1997). L. Yang, M. Mao-Qiang, M. Taljebini, P.M., Elias, and K. R. Feingold, Topical stratum corneum lipids accelerate barrier repair after tape stripping, solvent treatment, and some but not all types of detergent treatment, Br. J. Dermatol., 133, 679-685 (1995). R. I. Murahata and M. P. Aronson, The relationship between solution pH and clinical irritancy for carboxylic acid-based personal washing products, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 45,239-246 (1994). I. Effendy and H. I. Malbach, Surfactants and experimental irritant contact dermatitis, Contact Der- matitis, 33, 217-225 (1995). G. Imokawa, "Surfactant Mildness," in Surfactants in Cosmetics, 2nd ed., M. M. Reiger and L. D. Rhein, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 428-469. J.L. Zatz and B. K. Ip, Stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by gums, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 37, 329-350 (1986). R. Dodwell, R. Lockhead, and W. Hemmker, Pemulen polymeric emulsifiers: What they are, how they work, Cosmet. Toilet Manf Worldwide, 77-80, 83-86 (1993). E. D. Goddard, Substantivity through cationic substitution, Cosmet. Toiletr., 102, 71-80 (1987). E. D. Goddard, J. A. Faucher, R.J. Scott, and M. E. Turney, Adsorption of polymer JR on keratinous surfaces--Part II, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 26, 539-550 (1975). A. R. Sykes and P. A. Hammes, The use of Merquat polymers in cosmetics, Drug Cosmet. Ind., 126(2), 62, 64, 66, 68, 136 (1980). C. Holden, Formulating hair and skin products more effectively, Specialty Chemicals, 16(1), 21-23 (1996). I. Cottrell, Novel rheology modifiers and their use in personal care applications, In-Cosmetics 1997, 324-339 (1997). P. A. Band, G. L. Brode, E. D. Goddard, A. G. Barbone, E. Leshchiner, W. C. Harris, J.P. Pavlichko, E.M. Partain III, and P.S. Leung, "Interpolymer Complexes Between Hyaluronan and Cationic Cellulose Polymers," in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, T. C. Cheng, and V. C. Yang, Eds. (Plenium Press, New York, 1991). J. V. Gruber and P. N. Konish, Aqueous viscosity enhancement through helical inclusion complex crosslinking of a hydrophobically-modified, water soluble, cationic cellulose ether by amylose, Mac- romolecules, 30(18), 5361-5366 (1997).
Previous Page