72 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS 4. What are the three main classes of products for the artificial colouring of hair ? Discuss the preferred uses for each type. 5. What is meant by allergy ? Discuss the possible dangers of cosmetics. 6. (a) Name bacteria which are commonly present on the normal skin and scalp. (b) Describe a method of isolating these bacteria from a human subject. 7. Mention six ways in which vegetative bacteria may be killed, and write a short note on each. 8. Describe the two-phase aerosol system using a hair lacquer based on shellac and packed in a metal container as your example. Include a description of the conditions existing in the container before pressing the button and while the button is depressed. 9. In how many ways could you pack a liquid or cream shampoo ? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of pack. PAPER TWO Candidates should anwer any FIVE questions. Do not attempt to answer more than five questions. Candidates should commence each question on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What are the basic requirements for a good nail lacquer ? 2. A cold permanent waving lotion has been titrated for its content of (a) thioglycollic acid and (b) free ammonia. The results of the titrations were as follows: (a) 2 ml. of the lotion were equivalent to 16.3 mi. N--iodine solution. 10 (b) 10 mi. of the lotion were equivalent to 18.0 mi. N sulphuric acid. 1 . Calculate the percentage contents of thioglycollic acid and free ammonia respectively in the lotion, and comment on these results. Give a description of the raw materials used in the manufacture of (a) toilet soap (b) liquid soap. There are three main classes of surface-active agents. Give an example of each, together with a practical use in cosmetic formulation. Discuss the function(s) of the following substances in products for oral hygiene: Precipitated calcium carbonate sodium alginate sodium perborate sodium silicate urea and diammonium phosphate sodium lauryl sulphate.

SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN 73 6. Differentiate between chemical blending (ageing) and physical blend- ing (fixation), and where possible illustrate by practical examples. 7. In setting up a manufacturing department for face powder, what equipment would you consider essential and why ? 8. Write a short account of colours used in lipsticks. COMMENTS OF THE EXAMINERS PAPER ONE The answers to Question 1, which was compulsory, fell into two categories. The use of alkalis is dealt with in all three years of the Course and some candidates gave answers framed at the lowest levels and consequently gained very low marks. Others gave more advanced answers and gained fairly good marks. Questions 2 and 3 were not very popular but were answered moder- ately well. Question 4 was attempted by about half the candidates, but was not particularly well done. Questions 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were quite well answered by the majority of candidates. PAPER TWO Question 1 was generally answered carefully, except that no candidate mentioned the flow properties of nail lacquer. Question 2 was moderately well answered by the few students who attempted it. The answers to Question 3 consisted more of a description of the process of soap manufacture rather than the raw materials used. Question 4 was well answered. The answers to Question 5 were rather disappointing, as most candidates related the substances to toothpaste only. Most candidates had a fair knowledge of Question 6, but did not fully illustrate their answers. Questions 7 and 8 were fairly well answered. LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES Mr. S. C. Allen Mr. J. M. Hustwick Mr. D. Cartwright Mr. A. Marsh Mr. E. K. Clarke Miss B. L. Reeves Mr. N. D. Gardner Mr. B. Wheals