ACCELERATED STORAGE TESTS 259 Preservation The liability to microbiological spoilage can be explored by inoculation experiments with cultures and experiments with special media can be used to assess preservatives. TESTS RELATING TO INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS Lastly, may be considered tests relating to individual products. Gener- ally such tests have very specialised application and for that reason are rarely, if ever, found ready made in the pages of a textbook. The true experimenter loves to establish a correlation between a parameter, which he can devise tests to measure, and an important property of his product. If this property relates to shelf stability, such special tests can save time, provide a basis for routine control of regular production batches of the product, etc., and also serve as an invaluable tool in the further investiga- tion and development of the product. Illustrations can only be quoted from within one's own experience such examples include: 1. A stability test based on dilution and a mass sedimentation end point for a bulk solid, stabilised, emulsion paste. A quantitative estimate of the effect on stability of changes in formulation led to a better understanding of the physicochemical system involved, and greatly increased the tempo of development. 2. An electrolysis test for aluminum collapsible tubes in connection with a product particularly prone to cause localised perforation of tubes. The test was correlated with the results of long term shelf storage trials and enabled a specification for tubes to be developed and incoming supplies of tubes to be tested. 3. A product comprising a clear solution was subject to crystalline deposition at elevated temperature. Investigation revealed that the de- posited material was a decomposition product associated with loss of car- bon dioxide. A test for dissolved material and gas content was introduced to minimise deposition. CoNcLtss•oN It may be considered that, in this short paper, a somewhat wide inter- pretation of the term "storage tests" has been taken. The scope does not go beyond the preliminary definition of "procedures to assess shelf life characteristics," however. The aim has been to be provocative, rather than comprehensive, and in this spirit I end with two problemsmone specific and one general: 1. Is there an accelerated test for syneresis? 2. At what point do accelerated tests break down for example, can exposure to 100% relative humidity be regarded as of any value for pre- dicting longer term behaviour at exposure to a 75% relative humidity ?

WHAT RESEARCH EXPECTS OF MANAGEMENT* By WALTER J. HAMBURGER Director, Fabric Research Laboratories, Inc., Boston, Mass. WHAT DOES RESEARCH expect of management is a question which is or should be continuously in the minds of progressive scientific personnel. The answer has rarely been offered audibly or formally, but it appears timely to consider at least some of the beliefs in and attitudes toward re- search which the research worker may justifiably expect of management. Management for the most part is not involved in the doing of scientific research, but the success of its enterprises will depend upon its beliefs in, and attitudes toward scientific research. Both its beliefs and its attitudes are vitally important to its employees, to industry as a whole, and to society. It seems prudent first to establish the defintions of some words that are in frequent use, but seldom considered, in a truly applied sense. Res'earch: Studious inquiry, usually critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the revision of accepted conclu- sions in the light of newly discovered facts. Critical.' Of, or pertaining to a critic or criticism. ztnalytical: Thorough, exact. Exhaustive: Having a tendency to exhaust, as by thorough and complete discussion, covering all points or items as in an investigation or dis- cussion. Investigation: Systematic inquiry. Experimentation: Action or operation designed as a test, trial, or at- tempt. Conclusion: A conviction from inference, a practical determination, decision. When considered objectively, it becomes immediately obvious that re- search is not exclusively an activity reserved for the scientist or the engi- neer. Indeed, persons in any walk of life may, and do, conduct research, unwittingly perhaps, in the course of their day-to-day associations with * Presented at the May 14, 1954, Meeting, New York City. 260