26 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE which MAP kinase signal transduction pathways shifted from extracellular regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK 1/2) to stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), c-Jun amino­ terminal kinase, and p38 MAP kinase. In addition, UVA radiation in human skin fibroblasts induced p38 and JNK activity transiently but not extracellular signal­ regulated kinases (ERK) (29). The alteration of the signal transduction leads to wrinkle formation through the reduction of type I collagen synthesis and the increase in MMP production. Our data support the concept that these biological changes are caused in part by oxygen radicals, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0) and 1 0 2 (30,31). Taken together, EGT showed excellent scavenging ability against ROS and suppression of TNF-a and MMP-1 expression. It is well elucidated that ROS, TNF-a, and MMP-1 play important roles in UV-induced skin aging, particularly in wrinkle formation. Therefore, our findings may suggest that EGT prevents the progression of photoaging in skin. REFERENCES (1) 0. A. Bianciotto, L.B. Pinedo, N. A. San Roman, A. Y. Blessio, and M. B. Collantes, The effect of natural UV-B radiation on a perennial Salicornia salt-marsh in Bahia San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: A 3-year field study.]. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 70, 177-185 (2003). (2) H. Alpermann and H. G. Vogel, Effect of repeated ultraviolet irradiation on skin of hairless mice, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 262, 15-25 (1978). (3) K. J. Johnston, A. I. Oikarinen, N. J. Lowe, J. G. Clark, and J. Uitto, Ultraviolet radiation-induced connective tissue changes in the skin of hairless mice,]. Invest. Dermatol., 82, 587-590 (1984). (4) L. H. Kligman, F. J. Akin, and A. M. Kligman, The contributions of UV A and UVB to connective tissue damage in hairless mice,]. Invest. Dermatol., 84, 272-276 (1985). (5) A. Oikarinen, J. Karvonen, J. Uitto, and M. Hannuksela, Connective tissue alterations in skin exposed to natural and therapeutic UV-radiation, Photodermatol., 2, 15-26 (1985). (6) I. Koshiishi, E. Horikoshi, H. Mitani, and T. Imanari, Quantitative alterations of hyaluronan and dermatan sulfate in the hairless mouse dorsal skin exposed to chronic UV irradiation, Biochirn. Biophys. Acta., 1428, 327-333 (1999). (7) Y. Nishimori, C. Edwards, A. Pearse, K. Matsumoto, M. Kawai, and R. Marks, Degenerative alter­ ations of dermal collagen fiber bundles in photodamaged human skin and UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin: Possible effect on decreasing skin mechanical properties and appearance of wrinkles,]. Invest. Dermatol., 117, 1458-1463 (2001). (8) H. Talwar, C. Griffiths, G. Fisher, T. Hamilton, and J. Voorhees, Reduction type I and type III procollagens in photodamaged adult human skin,]. Invest. Dermatol., 105, 285-290 (1995). (9) G. Fisher, Z. Wang, S. Datta, J. Varani, S. Kang, and J. Voorhees, Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light, N. Engl.]. Med., 337, 1419-1428 0997). (10) V. M. Kahari and U. Saarialho-Kere, Matrix metalloproteinases in skin, Exp. Dennatol., 6, 199-213 (1997). (11) L. Rittie and G. J. Fisher, UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging, Aging Res. Rev., 1, 705-720 (2002). (12) C. Chadwick, C. Patten, 0. Nikaido, T. Matsunaga, C. P. Roby, and A. Young, The detection of cyclobutane thymine dimers, (6-4) photolesions and the Dewar photoisomers in sections of UV­ irradiated human skin using specific antibodies, and the demonstration of depth penetration effects, ]. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 28, 163-170 (1995). (13) A. Oxholm, P. Oxhold, B. Staberg, and K. Bendtzen, Immunohistological detection of interleukin I-like molecules and tumor necrosis factor in human epidermis before and after DVB-irradiation in vivo, Br.]. Dennatol., 118, 369-376 (1988). (14) H. Masaki and H. Sakurai, Increased generation of hydrogen peroxide possibly from mitochondrial respiratory chain after UVB irradiation ofmurine fibroblasts.]. Dennatol. Sci., 14, 207-216 (1997). (15) R. M. Tyrrell and M. Pidoux, Singlet oxygen involvement in the inactivation of cultured human
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EGT 27 fibroblasts by UV A (334 nm, 365 nm) and near-visible (405 nm) radiations, Photochern. Photobiol., 49, 407--412 0989). 06) M. Wlaschek, G. Heinen, A. Poswig, A. Schwarz, T. Krieg, and K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, UVA­ induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase/MMP-1 by interrelated loops of in­ terleukin-1 and interleukin-6, Photochern. Photobiol., 59, 550-556 (1994). (17) M. Wlaschek, K. Briviba, G. P. Stricklin, H. Sies, and K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase.J. Invest. Derrnatol., 104, 194- 198 (1995). (18) C. S. Sander, H. Chang, S. Salzmann, C. S. L. Muller, S. Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, P. Elsner, and J. J. Thiele, Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo,]. Invest. Derrnatol., 118, 618-625 (2002). (19) D. B. Melville, Ergothioneine, Vitamins and Hormones (New York, 1959), Vol. 17, pp. 155-204. (20) P. E. Hartman, Ergothioneine as antioxidant, Meth. Enzyrnol., 186, 310-318 (1990). (21) D. Akanmu, R. Cecchini, 0. I. Aruoma, and B. Halliwell, The antioxidant action of ergothioneine, Arch. Biochern. Biophys., 228, 10-16 (1991). (22) S. Y. Egorov, E.G. Kurella, A. A. Boldyrev, and A. A. Krasnovsky, Jr., Quenching of singlet mo­ lecular oxygen by carnosine and related antioxidants: Monitoring 1270-nm phosphorescence in aque­ ous media, Biochern. Mo!. Biol. Int., 41, 687-694 0997). (23) T. Szkudelski, The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas, Physiol. Res., 50, 536-546 (2001). (24) H. Masaki, S. Sakaki, T. Atsumi, and H. Sakurai, Active-oxygen scavenging activity of plant extracts, Biol. Pharrn. Bull., 18, 162-166 0995). (25) J. Kibitel, V. Hejmadi, L. Alas, A. O'Connor, B. Sutherland, and D. Yarosh, UV-DNA damage in mouse and human cells induces the expression of tumor necrosis factor-a, Photochern. Photobiol., 76, 541-546 (1998). (26) 0. I. Aruoma, J. P. Spencer, and N. Mahmood, Protection against oxidative damage and cell death by the natural antioxidant ergothioneine, Food Chern. Toxicol., 37, 1043-1053 (1999). (27) I. Rahman, P. S. Gilmour, L.A. Jimenez, S. K. Biswas, F. Antonicelli, and 0. I. Aruoma, Ergothio­ neine inhibits oxidative stress- and TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation and interleukin-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells, Biochern. Biophys. Res. Commun., 302, 860-864 (2003). (28) J. H. Chung, S. Kang, J. Varani, J. Lin, G. J. Fisher, and J. J. Voorhees, Decreased extracellular­ signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase activities in aged human skin in vivo,]. Invest. Derrnatol., 115, 177-182 (2000). (29) L. 0. Klotz, C. Pellieux, K. Briviba, C. Pierlot, J. M. Aubry, and H. Sies, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-, JNK-, ERK-) activation pattern induced by extracellular and intracellular singlet oxygen and UVA, Eur.]. Biochern., 260, 917-922 (1999). (30) A. van de Vorse and Y. Lion, Indirect EPR evidence for the production of singlet oxygen in the photosensitization of nucleic acid constituents by proflavine, Z. Naturforsch (C), 31, 203-204 0976). (31) P. C. Chan, 0. G. Peller, and L. Kesner, Copper(II)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in liposomes and erythrocyte membranes, Lipids, 17, 3 31-3 3 7 (1982).
Previous Page Next Page