EFFICACY AND TOLERANCE OF EXFOLIATING AGENTS 257 (19). To better evaluate the skin tolerance of the tested acids, three different concentrations commonly used in light, medium, and deep peeling were topically applied. The study pointed out that skin erythema induced by topical application of the test organic acids in- creases with higher concentrations. Moreover, the spectrophotometric refl ectance approach is also able to evaluate slight changes in mild erythema induced by UV exposure. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that subclinical irritation may be associ- ated with topical exposure to glycolic acid. It is conceivable that the pro-infl ammatory mediators released in irritated skin can affect events leading to UV-light sensitivity (13), increasing the risks of acute and chronic skin reactions. However, it is important to note that the rapid penetration of glycolic acid induces a more rapid skin exfoliation but causes a more intense skin redness and irritation. Thus, it is possible to infer that because of their molecular size, mandelic acid and grape acids are absorbed at a slower rate than glycolic acid, thereby causing less skin irritation. In addition, our results suggest that the spectro- photometric refl ectance approach used in this study represents a sensitive method for monitoring and comparing the effectiveness and the safety of different topical agents in skin exfoliating treatments. The methodologies and protocols used in this study may help in choosing the most appropriate topical agents for short/long term and mild/strong skin-exfoliating treatments. REFERENCES (1) W. E. Roberts, Chemical peeling in ethnic dark skin, Dermatol. Ther., 17, 196–205 (2004). (2) F. Furukawa and Y. Yamamoto, Recent advances in chemical peeling in Japan, Dermatol., 33, 655–661 (2006). (3) A. U. Bari, Z. Iqbal, and S. B. Rahman, Tolerance and safety of superfi cial chemical peeling with sali- cylic acid in various facial dermatoses, Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 71, 87–90 (2005). (4) G. D. Monheit, Chemical peels, Skin Ther. Lett., 9(2), 6–11 (2004). (5) N. Zakopoulou and G. Kontochristopoulos, Superfi cial chemical peels, J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 5(3), 246– 253 (2006). (6) M. Fartasch, J. Teal, and G. K. Menon, Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum: Ultrastructural and functional evaluation of the epidermal barrier, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 289, 404–409 (1997). (7) T. C. Flynn and W. P. Coleman, Topical revitalization of body skin, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 14, 280–284 (2000). (8) L. H. Couch and P. C. Howard, Quantifi cation of the glycolic acid in cosmetic products using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 24, 89–95 (2002). (9) C. Grover and B. S. Reddu, The therapeutic value of glycolic acid peels in dermatology, Indian J. Der- matol. Venereol. Leprol., 69, 148–150 (2003). (10) R. R. Gupta, B. B. Mahajan, and G. Garg, Chemical peeling—Evaluation of glycolic acid in varying concentrations and time intervals, Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 67, 28–29 (2001). (11) S. M. Javaheri, S. Handa, I. Kaur, and B. Kumar, Safety and effi cacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma, Int. J. Dermaytol., 40, 354–357 (2001). (12) N. Cassano, G. Alessandrini, M. Mastrolonardo, and G. A. Vena, Peeling agents: Toxicological and al- lergological aspects, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 13(1), 14–23 (1999). (13) K. Kaidbey, B. Sutherland, P. Bennett, W. G. Wamer, C. Barton, D. Dennis, and A. Kornhauser, Topi- cal glycolic acid enhances photodamage by ultraviolet light, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 19, 21–27 (2003). (14) C. Ostacolo, A. Sacchi, A. Bernardi, S. Lanieri, A. Brunetta, and G. Pantini, Perfl uoropolyether phos- phate: Skin exfoliation after a topical pre-treatment, TEWL and skin elasticity, by in-vivo non-invasive methods, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 29, 391–398 (2007). (15) G. Pantini, R. Ingoglia, F. Brunetta, and A. Brunetta, Sunless tanning products containing dihydroxy- acetone in combination with a perfl uoropolyether phosphate, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 29, 201–209 (2007).
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