RELEASE OF C. ALBICANS FROM SKIN 99 examination of triplicate tape strips. The CMC particles are believed to interact with the overall net negative charge of the skin cells, overcoming the combined adhesion forces and causing detachment of microorganisms adhered to the skin stripping. The removal of yeast from skin tape strips using CMC is highly effective and offers greater removal effi - ciency as compared to larger or alternative charged particles (Tables II and III). Anionic particles, in this model, were demonstrated to facilitate the release of yeast attached to skin tape strips (Tables II and III Figures 1–3) over a wide range of pH. Although the results of the t-test (CMC vs. PEI-Cellulose, p = 6.0 × 10−5 CMC vs. DEAE-Cellulose, p = 8.0 × 10−5 DEAE-Cellulose vs. PEI-Cellulose, p = 0.02) indicate that a larger sample size would be more informative, the CMC cellulose appears to per- form better than the other ion exchange materials. The difference observed between the DEAE-Cellulose and PEI-Cellulose would likely be eliminated with a larger sample size. The difference between the CMC and the other materials is very large and is anticipated to remain signifi cant even with a larger sample size. In combination with the visual ob- servation confi rming the loss of yeast from the skin tape strips treated with CMC, these results suggest that CMC shows greater potential for release of yeast cells than other ion exchange types under the conditions of this study. This process offers potential advantages over traditional cleaning compositions, in part, because the contaminant would be not merely dislodged from the skin surface, but would be fi rst dislodged and then removed from the skin’s surface through subsequent binding with the cleansing material. Therefore, interaction between contaminants and charge- altered cleaning compositions may involve an actual energy transfer as energy is released and recaptured in the dislodging and rebinding of contaminants from the skin surface to the cleaning product. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of negatively charged CMC particles to skin tape strips under the described conditions facilitates release of attached microorganisms and/or soil rapidly and over a Table V Visual Cell Counts of C. albicans on CMC Treated and Untreated Tape Stripsa CMC treated skin tape strips Untreated skin tape strips 840 ± 55 904 ± 25 a Average ± SD, n = 3, count per 2x107 μm2 No signifi cant difference between treated and untreated p = 0.264 (t-test). Table VI Reduction of C. albicans Attachment to Skin Tape Strips When Yeast and CMC Were Added Simultaneouslya CMC + Yeast Yeast 71 429 72 568 147 498 a Count per 2 × 107 μm2 30-min exposure.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 100 wide pH range however, additional studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of CMC for removal of other types of microbes, with shorter contact times, or after longer periods of microbial attachment. Other potential effects of CMC on human skin, such as irritation or effects resulting from removal of benefi cial microbes, would also need to be explored. Through incorporation of anionic particles, existing cleansing compositions could potentially be altered to improve their performance. In addition, microbial removal technologies based on electronic charge, as opposed to current chemical and physical removal methods, could result in development of new products with reduced potential for irritation. Anionic particles could be incorporated into a variety of delivery matrices such as solutions, lotions, or solid substrates including woven web, non-woven web, spun- bonded fabric, melt-blown fabric, knit fabric, wet-laid fabric, needle-punched web, cel- lulosic material, or any combination thereof. Potential applications of CMC cleaning technology include wet wipes, bath tissue, facial tissue, infant diapers, adult incontinence products, lotions, liquid skin cleaners, and other commercially available skin cleaning products. This technology could also be useful for hard surface cleaning, home health care applications, industrial cleaning, and veterinary applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Laura Mallary for her helpful comments on the manuscript. The au- thor is employed by Kimberly-Clark Corporation. Support for the studies described in this paper was provided by Kimberly-Clark Corporation. REFERENCES (1) L. D. Renner and D. B. Weibel, Physicochemical regulation of biofi lm formation, MRS Bull., 36, 347–355 (2011). (2) H. J. Busscher, M. M. Cowan, and H. C. van der Mei, On the relative importance of specifi c and non- specifi c approaches to oral microbial adhesion, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 8, 199–209 (1992). (3) P. Gilbert, D. J. Evans, E. Evans, I. G. Duguid, and M. R. M. Brown, Surface characteristics and adhe- sion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 71, 72–77 (1991). (4) G. Cotter and K. Kavanagh, Adherence mechanisms of Candida albicans. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 57, 241–249 (2000). (5) V. Krcmery and A. J. Barnes, Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: Pathogenicity and antifun- gal resistance, J. Hosp. Infect., 50, 243–260 (2002). (6) D. K. Morales and D. A. Hogan, Candida albicans interactions with bacteria in the context of human health and disease, PLoS Pathog., 6, e1000886 (2010). (7) A. Rashid and M. D. Richardson, “Pathogenesis of Dematophytosis,” in Cutaneous Infection and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997) pp. 127–139. (8) D. E. Babel, “Dermophytes and Nondermophytes: Their Role in Cutaneous Mycoses,” in Cutaneous Infection and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp.191–198. (9) C. Westwater, D. A. Schofi eld, P. J. Nicholas, E. E. Paulling, and E. Balish, Candida glabrata and Can- dida albicans dissimilar tissue tropism and infectivity in a gnotobiotic model of mucosal candidiasis, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 51, 134–139 (2007). (10) D. S. Thompson, P. L. Carlisle, and D. Kadosh, Coevolution of morphology and virulence in Candida species, Eukaryot. Cell, 10, 1173–1182 (2011). (11) D. Roberts, “The Risk/Benefi t Ratio of Modern Antifungal Pharmacological Agents,” in Cutaneous Infec- tion and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 183–190.