JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 100 wide pH range however, additional studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of CMC for removal of other types of microbes, with shorter contact times, or after longer periods of microbial attachment. Other potential effects of CMC on human skin, such as irritation or effects resulting from removal of benefi cial microbes, would also need to be explored. Through incorporation of anionic particles, existing cleansing compositions could potentially be altered to improve their performance. In addition, microbial removal technologies based on electronic charge, as opposed to current chemical and physical removal methods, could result in development of new products with reduced potential for irritation. Anionic particles could be incorporated into a variety of delivery matrices such as solutions, lotions, or solid substrates including woven web, non-woven web, spun- bonded fabric, melt-blown fabric, knit fabric, wet-laid fabric, needle-punched web, cel- lulosic material, or any combination thereof. Potential applications of CMC cleaning technology include wet wipes, bath tissue, facial tissue, infant diapers, adult incontinence products, lotions, liquid skin cleaners, and other commercially available skin cleaning products. This technology could also be useful for hard surface cleaning, home health care applications, industrial cleaning, and veterinary applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Laura Mallary for her helpful comments on the manuscript. The au- thor is employed by Kimberly-Clark Corporation. Support for the studies described in this paper was provided by Kimberly-Clark Corporation. REFERENCES (1) L. D. Renner and D. B. Weibel, Physicochemical regulation of biofi lm formation, MRS Bull., 36, 347–355 (2011). (2) H. J. Busscher, M. M. Cowan, and H. C. van der Mei, On the relative importance of specifi c and non- specifi c approaches to oral microbial adhesion, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 8, 199–209 (1992). (3) P. Gilbert, D. J. Evans, E. Evans, I. G. Duguid, and M. R. M. Brown, Surface characteristics and adhe- sion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 71, 72–77 (1991). (4) G. Cotter and K. Kavanagh, Adherence mechanisms of Candida albicans. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 57, 241–249 (2000). (5) V. Krcmery and A. J. Barnes, Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: Pathogenicity and antifun- gal resistance, J. Hosp. Infect., 50, 243–260 (2002). (6) D. K. Morales and D. A. Hogan, Candida albicans interactions with bacteria in the context of human health and disease, PLoS Pathog., 6, e1000886 (2010). (7) A. Rashid and M. D. Richardson, “Pathogenesis of Dematophytosis,” in Cutaneous Infection and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997) pp. 127–139. (8) D. E. Babel, “Dermophytes and Nondermophytes: Their Role in Cutaneous Mycoses,” in Cutaneous Infection and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp.191–198. (9) C. Westwater, D. A. Schofi eld, P. J. Nicholas, E. E. Paulling, and E. Balish, Candida glabrata and Can- dida albicans dissimilar tissue tropism and infectivity in a gnotobiotic model of mucosal candidiasis, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 51, 134–139 (2007). (10) D. S. Thompson, P. L. Carlisle, and D. Kadosh, Coevolution of morphology and virulence in Candida species, Eukaryot. Cell, 10, 1173–1182 (2011). (11) D. Roberts, “The Risk/Benefi t Ratio of Modern Antifungal Pharmacological Agents,” in Cutaneous Infec- tion and Therapy, R. Aly, E. R. Beutner, and H. Maibach, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997), pp. 183–190.

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