NEW RESISTANT LIPOSOME COATED WITH POLYSACCHARIDE FILM FOR COSMETIC APPLICATION 237 CONCLUSION The development of a resistant liposome coated with hydrophobized polysaccharide increased its stability in cosmetic formula composed of high amounts of surfactants and/or electrolytes. Alkyl chains of hydrophobized polysaccharides were inserted into the bilayer membrane of liposomes, and then the polysaccharide surrounded the ves- icle surface. We conclude that polysaccharide fi lm surrounded liposomes did not re- duce their delivery property and then the penetration of MgCl2 into the skin. Unlike noncoated liposomes, the coated ones allowed entrapment of high amounts of MgCl2 (12%) and then to limit the decrease of viscosity in cosmetics formulas. Compared to the free MgCl2, the entrapment into coated liposomes increased the P-gp activity implicated in cell detoxifi cation signifi cantly and then its skin bioavailability. Thus, the coating maintains delivery property of liposomes. With this new generation of biomimetic vector, new cosmetic formulations can be achieved with higher effi cacy and stability. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Barbara Trouiller for her technical support in this project. REFERENCES (1) N. Weiner, L. Lieb, S. Niemiec, C. Ramachandran, Z. Hu, and K. Egbaria, Liposomes: A novel topical delivery system for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, J. Drug Target., 2, 405–410 (1994). (2) N. Weiner, F. Martin, and M. Riaz, Liposomes as a drug delivery system, Drug Develop. Ind. Pharm., 15, 1523–1554 (1989). (3) K. Egbaria and N. Weiner, Liposomes as a topical drug delivery system, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 5, 287– 300 (1990). (4) B. Maherani, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. R. Mozafari, C. Gaiani, and M. Linder, Liposomes: A review of manufacturing techniques and targeting strategies, Curr. Nanosci., 7, 436–452 (2011). (5) E. Proksch, H. P. Nissen, M. Bremgartner, and C. Urquhart, Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces infl ammation in atopic dry skin, Int. J. Dermatol., 44, 151–157 (2005). (6) M. Denda, C. Katagiri, T. Hirao, N. Maruyama, and M. Takahashi, Some magnesium salts and a mix- ture of magnesium and calcium salts accelerate skin barrier recovery, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 291, 560–563 (1999). (7) H. Hamada and T. Tsuruo, Characterization of the ATPase activity of the Mr 170,000 to 180,000 mem- brane glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) associated with multidrug resistance in K562/ADM cells, Cancer Res., 48, 4926–4932 (1988). (8) S. Chakraborty, Q. Qiang, P. Deo, and J. Wang, Surfactants, polymers and their nanoparticles for per- sonal care applications, J. Cosmet. Sci., 55, S1–S17 (2004). (9) D. Bais, A. Trevisan, R. Lapasin, P. Partal, and C. Gallegos, Rheological characterization of polysaccharide–surfactant matrices for cosmetic O/W emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 290, 546–556 (2005). (10 ) N. Deo and P. Somasundaran, Mechanism of mixed liposome solubilization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 186, 33–41 (2001). (11 ) M. Carafa, C. Marianecci, V. Annibaldi, A. Di Stefano, P. Sozio, and E. Santucci, Novel O- palmitoylscleroglucan-coated liposomes as drug carriers: Development, characterization and interac- tion with leuprolide, Int. J. Pharm., 325, 155–162 (2006).

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 238 (12 ) V. Sihorkar and S. P. Vyas, Potential of polysaccharide anchored liposomes in drug delivery, targeting and immunization, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 138–158 (2001). (13 ) E. C. Cho, H. J. Lim, J. Shim, J. Kim, and I.-S. Chang, Improved stability of liposome in oil/water emulsion by association of amphiphilic polymer with liposome and its effect on bioactive skin perme- ation, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 299, 160–168 (2007). (14 ) M. L. Hwang, R. K. Prud’homme, J. Kohn, and J. L. Thomas, Stabilization of phosphatidylserine/ phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes with hydrophilic polymers having multiple “sticky feet,” Lang- muir, 17, 7713–7716 (2001). (15 ) S. Sehgal, J. A. Rogers, S. Sehgal, and J. A. Rogers, Polymer-coated liposomes: Improved liposome stability and release of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), J. Microencapsul.,12, 37–47 (1995). (16 ) M. Phetdee, A. Polnok, and J. Viyoch, Development of chitosan-coated liposomes for sustained delivery of tamarind fruit pulp’s extract to the skin, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 30, 285–295 (2008). (17 ) R. J. Mumper and A. S. Hoffman, The stabilization and release of hirudin from liposomes or lipid- assemblies coated with hydrophobically modifi ed dextran, AAPS PharmSciTech., 1, E3 (2000). (18 ) C.-M. Lee, H.-C. Lee, and K.-Y. Lee, O-palmitoylcurdlan sulfate (OPCurS)-coated liposomes for oral drug delivery, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 100, 255–259 (2005). (19 ) E. Arab Tehrany, C. J. Kahn, C. Baravian, B. Maherani, N. Belhaj, X. Wang, and M. Linder, Elaboration and characterization of nanoliposome made of soya rapeseed and salmon lecithins: Application to cell culture, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 95, 75–81 (2012). (20 ) P. K. Smith, R. I. Krohn, G. T. Hermanson, A. K. Mallia, F. H. Gartner, M. D. Provenzano, E. K. Fugimoto, N. M. Goeke, B. J. Olson, and D. C. Klenk, Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid, Anal. Biochem., 150, 76–85 (1985). (21 ) D. J. Crommelin, Infl uence of lipid composition and ionic strength on the physical stability of lipo- somes, J. Pharm. Sci., 73, 1559–1563 (1984). (22 ) A. J. de Kerchove and M. Elimelech, Formation of polysaccharide gel layers in the presence of Ca2+ and K+ ions: measurements and mechanisms, Biomacromolecules, 8, 113–121 (2007). (23 ) M. Mady, M. Darwish, S. Khalil, and W. Khalil, Biophysical studies on chitosan-coated liposomes, Eur. Biophys. J., 38, 1127–1133 (2009). (24 ) M. Hadorn, E. Boenzli, and P. E. Hotz, A quantitative analytical method to test for salt effects on giant unilamellar vesicles, Sci. Rep., 1, (2011). (25 ) R. C. New. Roger. Liposomes: A Practical Approach (Oxford University Press, New York, 1990). (26 ) X. Decleves, E. Niel, M. Debray, and J. M. Scherrmann, Is P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) a phase 0 or a phase 3 colchicine transporter depending on colchicine exposure conditions?, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 217, 153–160 (2006). (27 ) A. H. Schinkel, The physiological function of drug-transporting P-glycoproteins, Semin. Cancer Biol., 8, 161–170 (1997). (28 ) R. W. Johnstone, A. A. Ruefl i, and M. J. Smyth, Multiple physiological functions for multidrug trans- porter P-glycoprotein, Trends Biochem. Sci., 25, 1–6 (2000).