JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 120 21. Do you think that overusing bleaching creams could harm your body and health, e.g. diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, or decreased kidney function? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know 22. In your opinion, which of the following is the most harmful chemical to human health, which could be one of the components of bleaching creams? 1. Cortisone 2. Fruit acids or Malic acid 3. Salicylic Acid 4. Hydroquinone 5. Mercury 6. Do not know Personal Information 23. Age …………………………………. 24. Marital status 1. Single 2. Married 3. Divorced 4. Widow 5. Separated 25. Educational Level 1. Illiterate 2. High school or lower 3. University or higher 26. Occupation 1. Student 2. Unemployed 3. Home maker 4. Employed 5. Other, please specify…………………………………… 27. Monthly average household income 1. Less than 2,000 Riyals 2. 2,000 Riyals to 5,000 Riyals 3. 5,001 Riyals to 10,000 Riyals 4. 10,001 Riyals to 20,000 Riyals 5. More than 20,000 Riyals

J. Cosmet. Sci., 69, 121–130 (March/April 2018) 121 Structural Analysis of Macrofi brils in a Human Permanent Waved Hair by Scanning Microbeam Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements MAKI FUKUDA, YUKI MARUBASHI, TEPPEI NAWA, and REINA IKUYAMA, Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd., Yokohama 240-0005, Japan (M.F., R.I.), General Research & Development Institute, Hoyu Co., Ltd., Nagakute 480-1136, Japan (Y.M., T.N.) Accepted for publication March 27, 2018. Synopsis It has been experimentally shown that hair subjected to permanent wave treatment quickly changes into uncurled hair during daily hair-care activities. However, the mechanism of curl fallout has not been clarifi ed. In previous studies, the relationship between permanent wave treatment and disulfi de bonds in hair has been studied. Because permed hair falls out its waves without any chemical treatment, we focused on the hair microstructure rather than the disulfi de bonds. To examine the relationship between the hair curl shape and the intermediate fi lament (IF) organization in hairs, scanning microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering measurements were performed. It was found that in permed hairs, the IF orientation on the convex side of the curvature was different from that on the concave side. By contrast, for permed hairs with curl fallout, the IF orientation on the convex curvature side was not signifi cantly different from that on the concave side. Our fi ndings suggest that the curl shape of permed hairs is related to its anisotropic IF orientation between the convex and concave side of the curl, and control of this IF orientation will allow for effective reduction of curl fallout. INTRODUCTION A permanent wave (perm) can produce a hairstyle of one’s choice, and is familiar to people around the world. Basically, the perm treatment consists of two processes. In the fi rst process, the hair is wrapped around perm rods, and is treated with a reducing agent such as thioglycolic acid. These agent molecules break some of the disulfi de cross-links between polypeptide bonds in keratin, a protein present in hair. In the second process, the hair is treated with oxidizing agents while it is still wrapped around the rods. These agents reform the previously broken disulfi de bonds, but in such a way that it stabilizes the hair in their position around the rod. As a result, the hair exhibits waves even when the rods are removed. Disulfi de bonds in hair are, thus, central in these processes, and their role in permanent wave treatments has, therefore, been extensively studied (1–5). Address all correspondence to Teppei Nawa at teppei_nawa@hoyu.co.jp.