SKIN PHOTOPROTECTION BY PIGMENTATION AND SUNSCREENS 223 (12) U. Osterwalder, M. Sohn, and B. Her z og Global state of sunscreens, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Pho- tomed., 30(2–3), 62–80 (2014). (13) M. Charalambides, N. Kibbi, and A. R . Young, Effect of sunscreen application under maximal-use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a critical appraisal, Br. J. Dermatol., 182, 1345–1347 (2020). (14) A. R. Young, J. Claveau, and A. B. R ossi, Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: photobiology and sun- screen photoprotection, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 76(3S1), S100–S109 (2017). (15) B. Diffey and U. Osterwalder, Label l ed sunscreen SPFs may overestimate protection in natural sunlight, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 16(10), 1519–1523 (2017). (16) A. Tewari, R. P. Sarkany, and A. R. Young, UVA1 induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but not 6-4 photoproducts in human skin in vivo, J. Invest. Dermatol., 132(2), 394–400 (2012). (17) K. P. Lawrence, T. Douki, R. P. E. S arkany, S. Acker, B. Herzog, and A. R. Young, The UV/visible ra- diation boundary region (385–405 nm) damages skin cells and induces “dark” cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human skin in vivo, Sci. Rep., 8(1), 12722 (2018). (18) J. Narbutt, P. A. Philipsen, G. I. Harrison, K. A. Morgan, K. P. Lawrence, K. A. Baczynska, K. Grys, M. Rogowski-Tylman, I. Olejniczak-Staruch, A. Tewari, M. Bell, C. O’Connor, H. C. Wulf, A. Lesiak, and A. R. Young, Sunscreen applied at /= 2 mg cm(-2) during a sunny holiday prevents erythema, a biomarker of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and suppression of acquired immunity, Br. J. Dermatol., 180(3), 604–614 (2019). (19) B. Petersen, H. C. Wulf, M. Triguero-Mas, P. A. Philipsen, E. Thieden, P. Olsen, J. Heydenreich, P. Dadvand, X. Basagaña, T. S. Liljendahl, G. I. Harrison, D. Segerbäck, A. W. Schmalwieser, A. R. Young, and M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Sun and ski holidays improve vitamin D status, but are associated with high levels of DNA damage, J. Invest. Dermatol., 134(11), 2806–2813 (2014). (20) J. Narbutt , P. A. Philipsen, A. Lesiak, T. Sandberg Liljendahl, D. Segerback, J. Heydenreich, D. Chlebna-Sokol, P. Olsen, G. I. Harrison, A. Pearson, K. Baczynska, M. Rogowski-Tylman, H. C. Wulf, and A. R. Young, Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, after a summer holiday in northern Europe, Br. J. Dermatol., 179(4), 940–950 (2018). (21) D. E. Bras h , UV signature mutations, Photochem. Photobiol., 91(1), 15–26 (2015). (22) H. Fassihi , M. Sethi, H. Fawcett, J. Wing, N. Chandler, S. Mohammed, E. Craythorne, A. M. S. Morley, R. Lim, S. Turner, T. Henshaw, I. Garrood, P. Giunti, T. Hedderly, A. Abiona, H. Naik, G. Harrop, D. McGibbon, N. G. J. Jaspers, E. Botta, T. Nardo, M. Stefanini, A. R. Young, R. P. E. Sarkany, and A. R. Lehmann, Deep phenotyping of 89 xeroderma pigmentosum patients reveals unexpected hetero- geneity dependent on the precise molecular defect, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 113(9), E1236–E1245 (2016). (23) D. Fajuyig b e, S. M. Lwin, B. L. Diffey, R. Baker, D. J. Tobin, R. P. E. Sarkany, and A. R. Young, Mela- nin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and con- curs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes, FASEB J., 32(7), 3700–3706 (2018). (24) G. I. Harr i son and A. R. Young, Ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema in human skin, Methods, 28(1), 14–19 (2002). (25) D. Fajuyig b e, A. Coleman, R. P. E. Sarkany, A. R. Young, and A. W. Schmalwieser, Diffuse refl ectance spectroscopy as a reliable means of comparing ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema in extreme skin colors, Photochem. Photobiol., 94(5), 1066–1070 (2018). (26) B. B. Shih , D. Allan, F. R. de Gruijl, and L. E. Rhodes, Robust detection of minimal sunburn in pig- mented skin by 785 nm laser speckle contrast imaging of blood fl ux, J. Invest. Dermatol., 135(4), 1197– 1199 (2015). (27) N. Agar an d A. R. Young, Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage? Mutat. Res., 571(1–2), 121–132 (2005). (28) J. M. Shee h an, C. S. Potten, and A. R. Young, Tanning in human skin types II and III offers modest photoprotection against erythema, Photochem. Photobiol., 68(4), 588–592 (1998). (29) J. M. Shee h an, N. Cragg, C. A. Chadwick, C. S. Potten, and A. R. Young, Repeated ultraviolet exposure affords the same protection against DNA photodamage and erythema in human skin types II and IV but is associated with faster DNA repair in skin type IV, J. Invest. Dermatol., 118(5), 825–829 (2002). (30) M. Garmyn, A. R. Young, and S. A. Miller, Mechanisms of and variables affecting UVR photoadapta- tion in human skin, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 17(12), 1932–1940 (2018). (31) B. Peterse n , P. Datta, P. A. Philipsen, and H. C. Wulf, Sunscreen use and failures—on site observations on a sun-holiday, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12(1), 190–196 (2013).
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