JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 224 (32) B. Peterse n , E. Thieden, P. A. Philipsen, J. Heydenreich, A. R. Young, and H. C. Wulf, A sun holiday is a sunburn holiday, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 29(4), 221–224 (2013). (33) P. Autier, Sunscreen abuse for intentional sun exposure, Br. J. Dermatol., 161(Suppl. 3), 40–45 (2009). (34) H. Pratt, K . Hassanin, L. D. Troughton, G. Czanner, Y. Zheng, A. G. McCormick, and K. J. Hamill, UV imaging reveals facial areas that are prone to skin cancer are disproportionately missed during sun- screen application, PLoS One, 12(10), e0185297 (2017). (35) C. M. Olse n , L. F. Wilson, A. C. Green, N. Biswas, J. Loyalka, and D. C. Whiteman, Prevention of DNA damage in human skin by topical sunscreens, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 33(3), 135– 142 (2017). (36) A. R. Youn g , C. A. Chadwick, G. I. Harrison, O. Nikaido, J. Ramsden, and C. S. Potten, The similarity of action spectra for thymine dimers in human epidermis and erythema suggests that DNA is the chro- mophore for erythema, J. Invest. Dermatol., 111(6), 982–988 (1998). (37) A. R. Youn g , C. A. Chadwick, G. I. Harrison, J. L. Hawk, O. Nikaido, and C. S. Potten, The in situ repair kinetics of epidermal thymine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in human skin types I and II, J. Invest. Dermatol., 106(6), 1307–1313 (1996). (38) A. R. Youn g , G. E. Orchard, G. I. Harrison, and J. L. Klock, The detrimental effects of daily sub-ery- themal exposure on human skin in vivo can be prevented by a daily-care broad-spectrum sunscreen, J. Invest. Dermatol., 127(4), 975–978 (2007). (39) A. R. Youn g , J. Greenaway, G. I. Harrison, K. P. Lawrence, R. Sarkany, T. Douki, F. Boyer, G. Josse, E. Questel, C. Monteil, and A. B. Rossi, Sub-optimal application of a high SPF sunscreen prevents epider- mal DNA damage in vivo, Acta Derm. Venereol., 98(9), 880–887 (2018). (40) G. Josse, E . Gravier, and T. Douki, Method for the accurate determination of the DNA protection factor of sun protection products, Br. J. Dermatol., 183, 178–179 (2020). (41) H. N. Anant haswamy, S. E. Ullrich, R. E. Mascotto, A. Fourtanier, S. M. Loughlin, P. Khaskina, C. D. Bucana, and M. L. Kripke, Inhibition of solar simulator-induced p53 mutations and protection against skin cancer development in mice by sunscreens, J. Invest. Dermatol., 112(5), 763–768 (1999). (42) R. Ghiasva n d, E. Weiderpass, A. C. Green, E. Lund, and M. B. Veierod, Sunscreen use and subsequent melanoma risk: a population-based cohort study, J. Clin. Oncol., 34(33), 3976–3983 (2016). (43) A. C. Gree n , G. M. Williams, V. Logan, and G. M. Strutton, Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up, J. Clin. Oncol., 29(3), 257–263 (2011). (44) J. C. van d er Pols, G. M. Williams, N. Pandeya, V. Logan, and A. C. Green, Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 15(12), 2546–2548 (2006). (45) A. Fourtan i er, D. Moyal, J. Maccario, D. Compan, P. Wolf, F. Quehenberger, K. Cooper, E. Baron, G. Halliday, T. Poon, P. Seed, S. L. Walker, and A. R. Young, Measurement of sunscreen immune protec- tion factors in humans: a consensus paper. J. Invest. Dermatol., 125(3), 403–409 (2005). (46) T. Schwarz and A. Schwarz, Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppres- sion, Eur. J Cell Biol, 90(6–7), 560–564 (2011). (47) A.Schwarz a nd T. Schwarz, Molecular determinants of UV-induced immunosuppression, Exp. Dermatol., 11(Suppl. 1), 9–12 (2002). (48) C. A. Harw o od, D. Mesher, J. M. McGregor, L. Mitchell, M. Leedham-Green, M. Raftery, R. Cerio, I. M. Leigh, P. Sasieni, and C. M. Proby, A surveillance model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipi- ents: a 22-year prospective study in an ethnically diverse population, Am. J. Transplant., 13(1), 119–129 (2013). (49) P. Autier, P. Mullie, A. Macacu, M. Dragomir, M. Boniol, K. Coppens, C. Pizot, and M. Boniol, Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and ran- domised trials, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 5(12), 986–1004 (2017). (50) F. Xiang, R . Lucas, F. de Gruijl, and M. Norval, A systematic review of the infl uence of skin pigmenta- tion on changes in the concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma/serum follow- ing experimental UV irradiation, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 14(12), 2138–2146 (2015). (51) A. R. Youn g , K. A. Morgan, T. W. Ho, N. Ojimba, G. I. Harrison, K. P. Lawrence, N. Jakharia-Shah, H. C. Wulf, J K. Cruickshank, and P. A. Philipsen, Melanin has a small inhibitory effect on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis: a comparison of extreme phenotypes, J. Invest. Dermatol., 140, 1418–1426.e1 (2019). (52) T. Passeron , R. Bouillon, V. Callender, T. Cestari, T. L. Diepgen, A. C. Green, J. C. van der Pols, B. A. Bernard, F. Ly, F. Bernerd, L. Marrot, M. Nielsen, M. Verschoore, N. G. Jablonski, and A. R. Young, Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status, Br. J. Dermatol., 181(5), 916–931 (2019).

SKIN PHOTOPROTECTION BY PIGMENTATION AND SUNSCREENS 225 (53) R. E. Neal e , S. R. Khan, R. M. Lucas, M. Waterhouse, D. C. Whiteman, and C. M. Olsen, The effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a review, Br. J. Dermatol., 181(5), 907–915 (2019). (54) A. R. Youn g , J. Narbutt, G. I. Harrison, K. P. Lawrence, M. Bell, C. O’Connor, P. Olsen, K. Grys, K. A. Baczynska, M. Rogowski Tylman, H. C. Wulf, A. Lesiak, and P. A. Philipsen, Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn, Br. J. Dermatol., 181(5), 1052–1062 (2019). (55) A. R. Youn g and T. Passeron, Everyday sunscreen use may compromise vitamin D in temperate climes: reply from authors, Br. J. Dermatol., 182, 1313–1314 (2020).