CHLOROPHYLL IN COSMETICS 87 of sufficient potency and purity for their intended application must again be emphasized. When properly processed and used, the various chlorophyll derivatives are effective agents for blood regeneration [Craig, P. E., "A New Approach to the Treating of Hypochromic Anemia," Medical Times, 81, 44 (1953)], a general tonic [Burgi, E., "Chlorophyll Als Pharmakon, Monograph," Leipzig (1932)], for wound healing [Gruskin, B., "Chloro- phyll-Its Therapeutic Place in Acute and Suppurative Disease," z/m. •. Surg., 49, 49 (1940) and Moss, W. H., et al., "Effectiveness of Chloresium in Wound Healing and Deodorant Effects," •. ,'lm. Med. ,'lssoc., 140, 1336 (1949) ], body deodorization [Montgomery, R. M., et al, "Oral Administra- tion of Chlorophyll Fractions for Body Deodorization," Postgrad. Med., 8, 401 (1950), Taber, F. S., "Chlorophyll as a Deodorizer of Lochial and Men- strual Odors," •. Med. Soc. New •ersey, 48, 321 (1951), and Tebrock, S., "A Derivative of Chlorophyll (Daratol) as an Internal Deodorant," Propri- etary Assn. Meeting December, 1951, and Westcott, F. H., "Oral Chloro- phyll Fractions for Body and Breath Deodorization," N.Y. State •. Med., 50, 698 (1950)], and for treating of dental diseases [Hein, J. W., et al, "Chlorophyll as a Potential Caries-Preventive Agent," Penn. Dental •., 16, 221 (1949) and Rapp, G. W., et al., "Chlorophyll: The Green Wonder Drug," Illinois DentalS., 18,405 (1949) ]. Certain of the chlorophyll deriv- atives show bacteriostatic action, photodynamic action, affect hormones, and enhance the action of antibiotics [Rapp, G. W., et al., Ibid.]. "Chlorophyll 1953" by Walter H. Eddy reviews previous work. Literature dealing with the medical uses of chlorophyll and chlorophyll derivatives [Hainer, et al., Ibid., p. 4] has recently explained the deodorant action of the various chloro- phyll derivatives as being due to surface adsorption which is similar to the action of carbon black, charcoal, and silica gel. However, they also find it necessary to resort to both chemical and physical activity to explain com- pletely the observable deodorant effects. Chlorophyll and chlorophyll deriv- atives can effectively deodorize many odorous materials in vitro as well as in vivo such as thioglycolic acid, benzyl mercaptan, amyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine, putrefactive products, butyric, propionic and ca- proic acids, eugenol, cineole, etc. It should be stressed that each of the above-mentioned materials is best deodorized by certain conditions of con- centration, temperature, and time. In many cases the presence of oxygen is advantageous. The above effects have been reported by Langley, L. L., et al. [at the Federal Proceedings, 12, 83 (1953) ], Ahmed, et al., ["A Proposed Method for Determining the Effect of Deodorants on the Elimination of Alcohol Breath," Sci. Ed., •. ,'lm. Pharm. ,'lssoc., 42, 240-242 (1953)], "A Study in the Measurements of Odors and the Odorizing Effects of Certain Materials" [Ibid., 42, 242-247 (1953)], Rapp, G. W., et. al. [Ibid., p. 5], Byran, A. H., ["An Analysis of the Chlorophyll Problem," Drug and Cosm. Ind., 72,612 (1953)], Hainer, R. M., etal., [Ibid., p. 4].

88 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS COSMETICS Undoubtedly, in cosmetics, the deodorizing properties of chlorophyll de- rivatives are of utmost importance. It only remains now, to point out which derivatives are most efficacious, their compatibilities, and the special formulations most effective in the various cosmetics. CHEWING GUM Chewing gum presently consumes the largegt volume of chlorophyll deriv- atives. The material of preference is sodium potassium copper chlorophyl- lin (mainly the sodium and potassium salts of the copper complexes of chlorins and rhodins) since it is quite stable and available in a high state of purity and sufficient volume. It is very effective for deodorization when applied in the sugar coating but the material is not too effective when incor- porated directly in the gum mass. Sodium potassium copper chlorophyllin is most effective for oral deodorization in amounts of four to five milligrams or more [Harrisson, J. W. E., et aL, "A Practical Evaluation of Chlorophyll in Controlling Breath Odors," J. Soe. COSMETIC CHEM., 4, 9-32 (1953)]. DENTIFRICES Toothpaste and toothpowders are the next largest users of chlorophyll derivatives. Here again, the sodium potassium copper chlorophyllin of a high purity is the preferred material. Effective, satisfactory oral deodor- ization necessitates the use of 0.1 to 0.2 per cent. The formulations pres- ently used by dentifrice manufacturers are so varied that no simple discus- sion of compatibilities can be given here. It will suffice to point out that the chlorophyllin must be released in the mouth in water-soluble form if it is to be most effective. Many of the commonly used abrasives, fillers, and cleaning agents employed tend to reduce the effectiveness of the chlorophyl- lins. Special analytical methods often are necessary before assay data can be relied on. BODY DEODORANT TABLETS A number of these products contain "specially prepared chlorophyllins." The superiority of any of these materials over sodium potassium copper chlorophyllin has not been clearly demonstrated. True chlorophyllin, i.e., the sodium potassium magnesium chlorophyllin, is often used, as are some of the iron chlorophyllins. MouT• WAS•ES Mouth washes generally contain a relatively high alcohol content and thus require the use of alcohol-soluble chlorophyll derivatives. The com- mercial preparation of this alcohol-soluble derivative involves secret and