TOXIC AND ALLERGIC COMPLICATIONS OF HAIR DYES 127 problem of those sensitized goes far beyond the question of being able to use a hair dye when we consider what has been said concerning cross- sensitivity. I think that Harry has given us a fine definition for the ideal hair dye and I would like to close my paper by quoting him. "The ideal hair dye should possess the following properties: "1. It should be non-injurious to the hair shaft, but should color the shaft while the natural texture and gloss of the hair should be retained. "2. It should possess no systemic toxic effect when applied to the hair or skin. "3. It should possess no primary irritant action and be free from sen- sitizing properties, i.e., it should not be a dermatitic agent. "4. It should be stable on exposure to air, sunlight and salt water and should not change color nor leach out on the application of toilet prepara- tions such as brilliantines, setting lotions, hair lacquers, soaps and/or soap- less shampoos neither should it discolor when the hair is exposed to alkalies, reducing agents, oxidizing agents or procedures such as are em- ployed in hair waving." ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my thanks to Philip Rosmarin for technical information concerning the preparation of modern hair dyes. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) . (14) (15) (16) BIBLIOGKAPHY Soilman, Totold, "A Manual of Pharmacology," 5th edition, Philadelphia, W. B. Saun- ders Co. (1940). Schwartz, L., and Peck, S. M., "Cosmetics and Dermatitis," New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc. (1946). Ingram, John T., "Dye-dermatitis in Relation to Idiosyncrasy," Brit. 5 e. Dermatol., 4, 422 (1932). Close, W. J., "A Case of Poisoning From Hair Dye," Med. 2 t. •lustralia, 1, 53 (1932). Greenbaum, Sigmund S., "Dermatoconjunctivitis Due to Lash-lure and Eyelash and Eyebrow Dye," 2 t. •lm. Med. •lssoc., 101, 363 (1933). Bourbon, Oliver P., "Severe Eye Symptoms Due to Dyeing the Eyelashes," Ibid., 101, 1560 (1933). Harner, Clyde E., "Dermato-ophthalmitis Due to the Eyelash Dye, Lash-lure," Ibid., 101, 1558 (1933). Jamieson, R. D., "Eyelash Dye (Lash-lure) Dermatitis With Conjunctivitis," Ibid., 101, 1560 (1933). Rattner, Herbert, "Dermatitis of the Eyelids," Ibid., 103, 180 (1934). Moran, Charles T., "Bilateral Necrosis of the Cornea Following the Use of Hair Dye on the Eyebrows and Lashes," Ibid., 102, 286 (1934). Forbes, S. B., and Blake, W. C., "Fatality Resulting From the Use of Lash-lure on Eye- brows and Eyelashes," Ibid., 103, 1442 (1934). Goodman, H., "Eyelash Dyes and Some Problems Evoked by Them," dlrch. Dermatol. & Syphilol., 32, 258 (1935). Block, H. M., "Chemical Conjunctivitis Following Eyelash Dyeing," ,'lm. 55 Ophthal- mology, 18, 1052 (1935). Bostroem, "Dermatitis Caused by Hair Dyes," Dermatol. Gessellsch., Stockholm, 9, 12 (1934). Aust, "Acute Dermatitis After Dyeing of The Eyebrows," I"erein Dresdner DermatoL, 2, 14 (1934). Bab, Werner, "Allergic Eye Diseases Due to Permanent Dyeing of the Eyelashes," Klin. MonatsbL f. ,'lugenh., 97, 391 (1936).

128 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (17) Semon, Henry C., "Palpebritis From Eyelid 'Shading,'" Brit. 5 t. Dermatol., 49, 253 (1937). (18) Scanto, Jenc, "Studies for Investigation of the Noxiousness of Hair Dyes," Orvosi hetil., 30, 660 (1934). (19) Baba, Nobulide, "Cases of Poisoning as a Result of Ingestion of Paraphenylenediamine and of the Same as Principal Ingredient Contained in Hair Dye Remedy," 5 t. Med. ztssoc. Formosa, 34, 1403 and German summary, 1423 (1935). (20) Baba, Nobulide, "The Application of Conifer Shavings in ProofofParaphenylenediamine in Poisoning from Hair Dyes," Ibid., 34, 836 (1935). (21) Berger, H., "Occupational Accidents and Diseases Caused by Chemicals," Zentralbl. f. Haut-u. Geschlechskr., 52, 588 (1936). (22) Gougerot, H., and Delzant, O., "Sensitization to Paraphenylenediamine, Occupational Eczema with Positive Skin Tests Bird's Eye-like Ulcerous Lesions," Bull. Soc.franc. de dermatol. et syphilol., 45, 916 (1938). (23) Keschner, M., and Rosen, V. H., "Optic Neuritis Caused by Coal Tar Hair Dye," ztrch. Ophthalmology, 25, 1020 (1941). (24) Schwartz, L., Tulipan, L., and Peck, S. M., "Occupational Diseases of the Skin," 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger (1947). (25) Rajka, George, "Hypersensitivity to 'Para Group,'" ztcta ztllergei, 5, 118 (1952). (Abst., Year Book Dermatol. and Syphilol., p. 126, 1952.) (26) Cox, quoted by Harry, R. G., "Modern Cosmetology," Brooklyn, New York, Chemical Publishing Co. (1947), p. 325. (27) Gordon, Knynott, The Analyst, 1929 (quoted by Harry, p. 325). See ref. 26. (28) Schwartz, L., and Barban, C., "Paraphenylenediamine Hair Dyes," ztrch. Dermatol. and Syphilol., 66, 233 (1952). (29) Rostenberg, Adolph, Jr., and Sulzberger, Marion B., "Some Results of Patch Tests," Ibid., 35, 433 (1937). (30) Baer, R. I,., "Examples of Cross-sensitization in Allergic Eczematous Dermatitis," Ibid., 58, 276 (1948). (31) Sulzberger, M. B., "Dermatologic Allergy," Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas (1940). (32) Mayer, R. L., "Die Ueberempfindlichkeit gegen Koerper yon Chinon Struktur," ztrch. Dermatol. u. Syphilol., 156, 331 (1928). (33) Tzanck, R. H., "Accidents Cutanes par Sensitilization & Diverses Substances Contenant Toutes une Fonction Amine Primaire Substitue en Position Para," Paris, Libraire Louis Couette (1942). (34) Sidi, E., "Les accidents cutanes des teintures capillairies," quoted by Baer, see ref. 30. (35) Peck, S. M., and Feldman, Fred F., "Contact Allergic Dermatitis Due to the Procaine Fraction of Procaine Penicillin," 5 t. Invest. Dermatol., 13, 109 (1949). (36) Sulzberger, M. B., Kanof, A., and Baer, R. L., "Sensitization by Topical Application of Sulfonamides," 5 e. ztllergy, 182, 92 (1947). (37) Phillips, B., "A Clinical Study of Sulphonamide Dermatitis," Brit. 5 t. Dermatol., 58, 213 (1946). (38) Rogers, E. B., "Sensitixation Reaction to Sulfonilamide," •7. ztm. Med. ztssoc., 111, 2290 (1938). (39) Dobkevitch, S., and Baer, R. L., "Eczematous Cross-hypersensitivity to Azodyes in Nylon Stockings and Paraphenylenediamine," y. Invext. Dertool., 9, 203 (1947). (40) Meltzer, L., and Baer, R. L., "Sensitization to Monglyceryl Para-aminobenzoate," Ibid., 2, 5 (1948). (41) Baer, R. L., and Leider, M., "The Effects of Feeding Certified Food Axodyes in Para- phenylenediamine-hypersensitive Subjects," Ibid., 13, 223 (1949). (42) Winter, "Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics," December (1938).