128 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (17) Semon, Henry C., "Palpebritis From Eyelid 'Shading,'" Brit. 5 t. Dermatol., 49, 253 (1937). (18) Scanto, Jenc, "Studies for Investigation of the Noxiousness of Hair Dyes," Orvosi hetil., 30, 660 (1934). (19) Baba, Nobulide, "Cases of Poisoning as a Result of Ingestion of Paraphenylenediamine and of the Same as Principal Ingredient Contained in Hair Dye Remedy," 5 t. Med. ztssoc. Formosa, 34, 1403 and German summary, 1423 (1935). (20) Baba, Nobulide, "The Application of Conifer Shavings in ProofofParaphenylenediamine in Poisoning from Hair Dyes," Ibid., 34, 836 (1935). (21) Berger, H., "Occupational Accidents and Diseases Caused by Chemicals," Zentralbl. f. Haut-u. Geschlechskr., 52, 588 (1936). (22) Gougerot, H., and Delzant, O., "Sensitization to Paraphenylenediamine, Occupational Eczema with Positive Skin Tests Bird's Eye-like Ulcerous Lesions," Bull. Soc.franc. de dermatol. et syphilol., 45, 916 (1938). (23) Keschner, M., and Rosen, V. H., "Optic Neuritis Caused by Coal Tar Hair Dye," ztrch. Ophthalmology, 25, 1020 (1941). (24) Schwartz, L., Tulipan, L., and Peck, S. M., "Occupational Diseases of the Skin," 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger (1947). (25) Rajka, George, "Hypersensitivity to 'Para Group,'" ztcta ztllergei, 5, 118 (1952). (Abst., Year Book Dermatol. and Syphilol., p. 126, 1952.) (26) Cox, quoted by Harry, R. G., "Modern Cosmetology," Brooklyn, New York, Chemical Publishing Co. (1947), p. 325. (27) Gordon, Knynott, The Analyst, 1929 (quoted by Harry, p. 325). See ref. 26. (28) Schwartz, L., and Barban, C., "Paraphenylenediamine Hair Dyes," ztrch. Dermatol. and Syphilol., 66, 233 (1952). (29) Rostenberg, Adolph, Jr., and Sulzberger, Marion B., "Some Results of Patch Tests," Ibid., 35, 433 (1937). (30) Baer, R. I,., "Examples of Cross-sensitization in Allergic Eczematous Dermatitis," Ibid., 58, 276 (1948). (31) Sulzberger, M. B., "Dermatologic Allergy," Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas (1940). (32) Mayer, R. L., "Die Ueberempfindlichkeit gegen Koerper yon Chinon Struktur," ztrch. Dermatol. u. Syphilol., 156, 331 (1928). (33) Tzanck, R. H., "Accidents Cutanes par Sensitilization & Diverses Substances Contenant Toutes une Fonction Amine Primaire Substitue en Position Para," Paris, Libraire Louis Couette (1942). (34) Sidi, E., "Les accidents cutanes des teintures capillairies," quoted by Baer, see ref. 30. (35) Peck, S. M., and Feldman, Fred F., "Contact Allergic Dermatitis Due to the Procaine Fraction of Procaine Penicillin," 5 t. Invest. Dermatol., 13, 109 (1949). (36) Sulzberger, M. B., Kanof, A., and Baer, R. L., "Sensitization by Topical Application of Sulfonamides," 5 e. ztllergy, 182, 92 (1947). (37) Phillips, B., "A Clinical Study of Sulphonamide Dermatitis," Brit. 5 t. Dermatol., 58, 213 (1946). (38) Rogers, E. B., "Sensitixation Reaction to Sulfonilamide," •7. ztm. Med. ztssoc., 111, 2290 (1938). (39) Dobkevitch, S., and Baer, R. L., "Eczematous Cross-hypersensitivity to Azodyes in Nylon Stockings and Paraphenylenediamine," y. Invext. Dertool., 9, 203 (1947). (40) Meltzer, L., and Baer, R. L., "Sensitization to Monglyceryl Para-aminobenzoate," Ibid., 2, 5 (1948). (41) Baer, R. L., and Leider, M., "The Effects of Feeding Certified Food Axodyes in Para- phenylenediamine-hypersensitive Subjects," Ibid., 13, 223 (1949). (42) Winter, "Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics," December (1938).

POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)mA USEFUL ADJUNCT IN COSMETICS* By HER•^N A. S.Et,^NsKI, PvI.D., Mov, RIs V. SvI•t,^NsKI, M.D., and A. C^NToa, P•.D. Industrial Toxicology Laboratories, Philadelphia ¾, Pa. POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) was developed in Germany by Reppe within the past twenty years. The material was one of a great many products produced by the Reppe process in acetylene chemistry. PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone abbreviated) was studied in many appli- cations, among which was its use as a blood plasma extender in World War II by the Germans. Subsequent to 1945, this material has been made and studied in this country for use as a blood plasma extender and is now enjoying widespread use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic in- dustries. PVP is an inert, white material. It is non-toxic by acute oral adminis- tration, by skin absorption, by inhalation, by intravenous or by intra- peritoneal injection. The LD0 of PVP is over 100 gm./kg. PVP has been studied among humans on skin application and has been found to be neither a primary irritant, a skin fatiguing material, nor a sensitizing material when tested by the Schwartz or the Shelanski method. Because of its extremely low toxicity, its use in the pharmaceutical field was indicated from the very start. It is only a stone's throw from something which has been found useful in the pharmaceutical field, and which is non-toxic, to the cosmetic field where the same material might have application. The properties of PVP which made it especially useful in the cosmetic field have been investigated by the authors. These prop- erties specifically are solubilization, desensitization, detoxification, and substantivity. The phenomena which PVP displays in carrying relatively insoluble materials into a solution is beyond the scope of this paper. However, an interesting example of this phenomenon is solubilization of elemental iodine forming the PVP iodine complex. This is an example of a solid solution. It has also been shown that many water-insoluble materials ranging from basic elements to saccharides and proteins are rendered more soluble in * Presented at the December 10, 1953, Meeting, New York City. 129