COMPUTER-ASSISTED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 793 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION At this stage in the development project, the chemist will submit his prod- uct to the Technical Services Group for analysis, environmental and panel testing. Several computer programs have been written for detailed examina- tion of nail lacquers. These programs are used to evaluate the data and write reports from a wide range of analytical instrumentation. The instrumenta- tion, supported by data processing, covers the areas of theology, DSC, tensile strength, particle size, and gas permeability (5). Panel testing and laboratory evaluation for product likes and dislikes are statistically analyzed using stored prograins available on the G-E Mark II System. Tests of significance and correlation are carried out in all panel stu- dies in order to insure that the best prototype is selected (6). Environmental testing of a product at several storage conditions seems to multiply at an enormous rate. Computers can be used to keep track of stabil- ity studies, store data regarding sample formula, project name, components, and packaging material involved. The computer program will print out the actual analytical data for several lots stored at various temperatures. Using the Van't Hoff-Arrhenius Stability approach, the analytical data and temperature relationships are plotted according to zero, first, and second- order equations. These equations permit the chemist to estimate the time re- quired to meet minimum acceptable concentration. COLOR FORMULATION An area where computers have made significant progress is in the field of color formulation and color matching. Our laboratory is currenfiy using a se- ries of color programs called Chroma-Pac©* xvhich contains seven color pro- grmns (7). The programs and a brief description of their functions are found in Table III. The color standard to be matched is measured on a suitable spectrophotmn- eter interfaced to an ASR-33 Teletypewriter. The automated measurement and data collection steps eliminate a considerable mnount of man-hours and substantially reduce errors. The measured data are next entered into the pro- gram called PMAT, via the teletype. The PMAT program requires the following data at the time of execution: User ID Code-4-5 character code which corresponds to the instrument and reference used. Name of Standard-Arbitrary nmne. assigned by the user. Pigments/Comb., Field Size & Sub. ID#-User supplies three numbers, the first specifies how many pigments are desired, the second, number of pigments per combination, the third numl)cr is the identification nnmber of the TIO• substrate to be used. * Trade mark of Applied Color Systems, 221 Nassau St., Princeton, N.J. 08540.

794 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Table III Chroma-Pac Computer Programs PCAL is a pigment calibration program. It accepts reflectance data for one or a number of concentration levels for individual pigments, along with the pigment cost, name, and an identification ntm•ber. These data are processed and stored in a specified file in the correct format for use by the other programs in the package. PMAT is a formulation program. It is single-constant in the sense that the absorption and scattering coefficients of each pigment are used as a ratio (K/S) rather than as separate values. PMAT uses the combinatorial technique in that it attempts to match the target shade with all possible combinations of ND colorants taken N at a time, where ND is the mm•ber of candidate components and N is the ntm•ber of pigments desired in each formula. PMAT uses tritsimulus theory, incorporating data on the 2 ø standard observer, and is available with a ntm•ber of illuminants. PCOR1 is a formula correction program. It may be used to correct the color of material now in production, to correct a laboratory formula, or to produce initial matches of superior accuracy by correcting a library sample formula to match the target shade. PCOR1 automatically corrects for production variables using internally calculated correction factors. PCOR1 requires reflectance input for both the sample and the standard. PCOIt2 is similar to PCOItl in that it is a correction program, but is somewhat more limited in use because it accepts tristimulus data as input rather than reflectance data. It is meant primarily for use in the production environment where simplicity of operation and speed of correction are the primary requirements. UNKNWN has many of the features of PMAT, but is specifically designed to produce production formulas incorporating a maximum of "waste" material while maintaining product quality. It not only allows the user to "work-off" such material, it also shows how to accomplish this as rapidly as possible and at the lowest cost. FMC is a color difference program incorporating Friele-MacAdam-Chickering mathe- matics. It accepts reflectance, tristimulus, or ratio data as input and prints CIE tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, and color differences as outputs. When reflectance data are entered, tristimulus integration may be done under any of a nmn- ber of illuminants. LISTEft is a utility program used to prepare a log of all the primary information stored. It serves a record-keeping function and the logs are useful when entering input data to other programs in the CHItOMA-PAC I series. File Name and Pigment ID's-Identification number of the pigments used. Standard % R's-User supplies 16 reflectance values (400-700 nm) at 20-nm intervals for the color to be matched. The PMAT program prints out, in addition to the actual per cent composi- tion of the color match, the color difference under Illuminant A and Illumi- nant C. A typical printout for a paint formula is shown in Table IV. This selection process allows the user to select those color formulas which are of particular interest, whether they be low in cost, low in metamerism, or both. SUMMARY A data collection and analysis program which is used to aid the product development chemist has been described. It allows user interaction at the criti-