JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 12 evaluation results for both the moisturizing and anti-sebum related aspects gave a mark of 2 to 3 (1, excellent 2, fi ne 3, popular 4, normal 5, bad), which showed that the sub- jects thought the product application could make the skin feel moist instantly, keep feel- ing moist, and control the skin oil for a whole day and the later three-week use time. The noninvasive instrument measurements showed coincidental results with the perceivable feelings of the subjects. Figure 3. Measurement on cheeks after using products for one, two, and three weeks. Data are shown as mean ± SD and the asterisk (*) indicates statistically signifi cant difference from the baseline (p 0.05). Table I Subjects’ Feelings About the Moisturizing and Anti-Sebum Effects of the Products Refl ected in the Questionnaire NO. Item Average score* 1. Do you think the product application could make the skin feel moist instantly? 2.4 2. Do you think the product application could keep the skin feeling moist for a whole day? 2.6 3. Do you think the product application could keep the skin feeling moist for the later three-week period? 2.7 4. Do you think the product application could control the skin oil for a whole day? 2.7 5. Do you think the product application could control the skin oil for the later three-week period? 2.9 *1, excellent 2, fi ne 3, popular 4, normal 5, bad.

MOISTURIZING/ANTI-SEBUM EFFECTS ON SKIN 13 DISCUSSION For human skin, water content is an important physiological factor for the skin condition, and moisturizing is the basic function for skin care. In our experiments, the product ap- plication showed increased Corneometer and decreased Tewameter measurements during the 8-h test period on the fi rst and last days. The situation was maintained for the later three weeks, which indicated a favorable moisturizing effect provided by product applica- tion on human facial skin. After three weeks of application, the measurements for the 8-h kinetics test on the last day became uniform, with no typically peak values, which also indicated the amelioration effect on human skin after three weeks of treatment. The per- ceivable feelings of the subjects refl ected in the questionnaire showed that the subjective evaluation of the moisturizing effect of product application was satisfying too, which coincided with the Corneometer and Tewameter measurement results. One reason for the moisturizing effect might be hyaluronic acid, an important ingredient in product formulation accounting for the moisturizing effect. It is a glycosaminoglycan composed of alternating N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid moieties. It is also a ubiquitous component of connective tissue where it forms a matrix and plays an important role in the maintenance of matrix structure and water balance (13,14). When included in the test products and applied directly to the subjects’ skin surface, hyaluronic acid hydrates the skin as a humectant. It literally attracts airborne water vapor into the skin and retains water delivered to the skin by circulation. It also provides another key benefi t by preventing the evaporation of water from the skin surface, which could de- crease the TEWL of the skin on clinical research. Just ameliorating the hydration state of the skin is not enough, and skin sebum secretion control is also an important factor for skin care. Cosmetics should be applied upon consid- ering both the moisturizing and the anti-sebum effects on human facial skin, which is the scientifi c and advisable personal skin care method. In our experiments, product application showed a satisfying anti-sebum effect 4 and 8 h after application on the fi rst and last days, and the situation was maintained for the following three weeks, indicated by decreased Sebumeter measurements. In the 8-h kinetics test on the fi rst day, the anti-sebum effect was achieved 4 h after product application, which was coincident with the beginning time of the best moisturizing effect. Our results indicated the favorable anti-sebum effect pro- vided by product application was concurrent with the moisturizing effect. In addition, the Sebumeter measurement results were coincident with the perceivable feelings of the sub- jects about the anti-sebum effect of product application refl ected in the questionnaire. One ingredient, possibly accounting for the anti-sebum effect, is nicotinamide (niacin- amide, Vitamin B3), a physiologically active form of niacin (nicotinic acid), which has been assessed in clinical studies and found effective for lowering the sebum secretion on the skin surface and in some infl ammatory skin diseases such as acne vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. It is theorized that the niacinamide possibly alters the movement of sebum to the skin surface by altering the reservoir in the duct connecting the sebaceous gland to the skin surface at the follicular ostia and encourages sebum to fl ow to the skin surface more quickly. This depletion of the reservoir eventually translates into decreased sebum excretion on the skin surface (15,16). It exhibits a satisfying anti-sebum effect when included as an active ingredient in the test products. Nevertheless, there may be other active ingredients that may contribute to skin benefi ts, especially integrated prescrip- tions and technologies.