632 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (58) Elfbaum, S. G., and Laden, K., The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on percutaneous ab- sorption: A mechanistic study, Part II, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 19• 163 (1968). (59) Dugard, P. H., and Embery, G., The influence of dimethyl sulfoxide on the percuta- neous migration of potassium butyl (mS) sulphate, potassium methyl (3•S) sulphate, Brit. J. Dermatol., 81, Suppl. 4, 69 (1969). (60) Katz, M., and Shaikh, Z. I., Percutaneous corticosteroid absorption correlated to parti- tion coefficient, J. Pharm. Sci., 54, 591 (1965). (61) Blank, I. H., Transport across the stratum corneum, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., Suppl. 3, 23 (1909). (62) Busse, M. J., Hunt, P., Lees, K. A., Maggs, P. N. D., and McCarthy, T. M., Release of betamethasone derivatives from •ointments. In vivo and in vitro studies, Brit. ]. Dermatol., 81, Suppl. 4, 103 (1969). (63) Minato, A., Fukuzawa, H., Seiju, H., and Yasuko, K., Radioisotopic studies on per- cutaneous absorption. I. Absorption of water-soluble substances from hydrophilic and absorption ointments through mouse skin, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 15, 470 (1967). (64) Treherne, J. E., The permeability of skin to some nonelectrolytes, J. Physiol., 133, 171 (1956). (65) Stoughton, R. B., Clendenning, W. E., and Kruse, D., Percutaneous absorption of nicotinic acid derivatives, J. Invest. Dermatol., 35, 337 (1960). (66) Cronin, E., and Stoughton, R. B., Nicotinic acid and ethyl nicotinate in excised human skin, Arch. Dermatol., 87, 445 (1963). (67) McKenzie, A. W., Percutaneous absorption of steroids, Ibid., 86, 611 (1962). (68) McKenzie, A. W., and Aitkinson, R. M., Topical activities of betamethasone esters in man, Ibid., 89, 741 (1964). (69) Poulsen, B. J., Young, E., Coquilla, V., and Katz, M., The effect of topical vehicle composition on the in vitro release of fiuocinolone acetonide and its acetate ester, J. Pharm. Sci., 57, 928 (1968). (70) Coldman, M. F., Poulsen, B. J., and Higuchi, T., Enhancement of percutaneous ab- sorption by the use of volatile:non-volatile systems as vehicles, Ibid., 58, 1098 (1969). (71) Dempski, R. E., Portnoff, J. B., and Wase, A. W., In vitro release and in vivo penetra- tion studies of a topical steroid from nonaqueous vehicles, Ibid., 58, 579 (1969). (72) Tregear, R. T., Physical Functions of the Shin, Academic Press, New York, 1966. (73) Sprott, W. E., Surfactants and percutaneous absorption, Trans. St. John's Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. (London), 51, 186 (1965). (74) Tregear, R. T., The permeability of skin to albumin, dextrans and polyvinyl pyr- rolidone, J. Invest. Dermatol., 46, 24 (1966). (75) Scheuplein, R. J., Blank, I. H., and MacFarlane, D. J., Percutaneous absorption of steroids, Ibid., 52, 63 (1969). (76) Kappert, A., •ber einige wirkungen yon DMSO bei percutaner anwendung, Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr., 98, 1829 (1968). (77) Barrett, C. W., Hadgraft, J. W., Caron, G. A., and Sarkany, I., The effect of particle size and vehicle on the percutaneous absorption of fiuocinolone acetonide, Brit. J. Derrnatol., 77, 576 (1965). (78) Barrett, C. W., Hadgraft, J. W., and Sarkany, I., A method for applying standard quantities of ointment to the skin, Ibid., 76, 479 (1964). (79) Barrett, C. W., Skin penetration, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 20, 487 (1969). (80) Barrett, C. W., Hadgraft, J. W., and Sarkany, I., The influences of vehicles on skin penetration, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 16, Suppl. 104T (1964). (81) Higuchi, T., Rate of release of medicaments from ointment bases containing drugs in suspension, .]. Pharrn. Sci., 50, 874 (1961).

SKIN PENETRATION 633 (82) (8•) (84) (8•) (87) (88) (89) 0o) (9•) 02) 06) (97) (98) (9.•) (loo) (lOl) 002) 003) 004) 005) Aguiar, A. J., and Weiner, M. H., Percutaneous absorption studies of chloramphenicol solutions, Ibid., 58, 210 (1969). Rothman, S., Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954. Barr, M. J., Percutaneous absorption, J. Pharm. Sci., 51, 395 (1962). Munro, D. D., The relationship between percutaneous absorption and stratum corneum retention, Brit. ]. Dermatol., 81, Suppl. 4, 92 (1969). Sarkany, I., and Hadgraft, J. W., The influence of formulation on topical cortico- steroid activity, Ibid., 81, Suppl. 4, 98 0969). Poulsen, B., The use of models in estimating vehicle effects on the activity of topical corticosteroid formulations, Ibid., 82, Suppl. 6, 49 0970). Sarkany, I., Hadgraft, J. w., caron, G. A., and Barrett, C. W., The role of vehicles in the percutaneous absorption of corticosteroids, Ibid., 77, 569 0965). Garb, J., Ncvus verrucosus unilateris cured with podophyllin ointment, Arch. Dermatol., 81, 606 (1960). Schultz, J. R., Topical therapy of psoriasis with fluocinolone acetonide, Ibid., 84, 1029 (1961). Allenby, A. C., Creasy, N.H., Edgington, A. G., Fletcher, J. A., and Schock, C., Mecha- nism of action of accelerants on skin penetration, Brit. J. Dermatol., 81, Suppl. 4, 47 (1969). Elfbaum, S. G., and Laden, K., The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on percutaneous ab- sorption: A mechanistic study, Part I, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 19, 119 (1968). Elfbaum, S. G., and Laden, K., The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on percutaneous ab- sorption: A mechanistic study, Part III, Ibid., 19, 841 (1968). MacKee, G. M., Su]zberger, M. B., Herrmann, F., and Baer, R. L., Histological studies on percutaneous penetration with special reference to the effect of vehicles, J. Invest. Dermalol., 6, 4• (1945). Feldmann, R. J., and Maibach, H. I., Percutaneous penetration of •C hydrocortisone in man. II. Effect of certain bases and pretreatments, Arch. Dermatol., 94, 649 (1966). Portnoy, B., The effect ooe formulation on the clinical response to topical fiuocinolone acetonide, Brit. J. Dermatol., 77, •79 (196•). Cahlwell, I. W., Hall-Smith, S. P., Main, R. A., Ashurst, P. J., Kurton, V., Simpson, W. T., and Williams, G. W., Clinical e•aluation of a new topical corticosteroid be- c]omethasone dipropionate, Ibid., 81), 11 (1968). Tis•,ot, J., and Osmundsen, P. E., Influence of vehicles on the topical activity of fiuoro- methalone, Acta Dermato-Venereol., 46, 447 (1966). Brode, E., Die percutane resorption yon corticosteroiden. II. Die resorption yon fiuo- cinolonacetonid dutch normale rattenhaut und ihre beeinfiussung, Arzneim.-Forsch., 18, 580 (1968). Dillaha, C. J., Jansen, G. T., and Honeycutt, M. •V., Quart. Bull. Dermatol. Found., New York, 1966. Stoughlon, R. B., Percutaneous absorption, Toxicoh Appl. Pharmacol., 7, 1 (1965). Suhberger, M. B., Cortese, T. A., Fishman, L., Wiley, H. S., and Peyakowisch, P.S., Some effects of DMSO on human skin in vivo, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 141,437 (1967). Jacob, 8. W., and Wood, D.C., Dimethylsulfoxide: Toxicology, pharmacology and current clinical usefulness, Arzneim.-Forsch., 17, 553 (1967). Perman, F., and Wolfe, H. F., Dimethyl sulfoxide as a penetrant carrier of allergens through intact hmnan skin, J. Allergy, 38, 299 (1966). Reiss, F., Percutaneous absorption, a critical and historical review, Amer. J. Med. Sci., 252, 588 (1966).