FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS IN COSMETICS AND LIQUID DETERGENT 289 Table III Content of FWAs in Nine Positive Real Samples Sample FWAs Content of FWAs (mg·kg-1) Plant laundry liquid detergent FWA351 231 White photofl o FWA351 1,130 Quick effect liquid detergent FWA351 368 Full-care liquid detergent FWA351 187 Laundry liquid detergent FWA351 203 Brilliant color and white photofl o FWA351 1,105 Liquid detergent FWA85 400 Laundry liquid detergent FWA351 194 Revitalizing antiwrinkle eye cream FWA351 19.4 ANALYSIS OF COSMETICS AND DETERGENT The protocol was validated on the basis of precision, accuracy, stability, and recovery, demonstrating its suitability for the analysis of cosmetics and liquid detergent. The method was adopted to analyze 50 commercial products (35 cosmetics and 15 liquid detergents) from local markets for FWAs. Results indicated that FWA351 and FWA85 were detected in eight liquid detergent samples (Table III), whose contents were deter- mined to be in the range of 187–1,130 mg·kg-1. The chromatogram for the analysis of FWA351 in sample “brilliant color and white photofl o” is shown in Figure 5. It was re- vealed that FWA351 was the most commonly used FWA in the detergent productions, which coincided with the market research. Because of the increasing doubts about the safety of FWAs in recent years, the use of FWAs in cosmetics became few. Only one Figure 5. Ch romatography of sample “brilliant color and white photofl o” which contained 1,105 mg·kg-1 FWA351.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 290 sample was detected with FWA351 at 19.4 mg·kg-1. These results suggested that further study is necessary to evaluate the risk of FWAs in cosmetics and liquid detergents. CONCLUSIONS Based on the technology of ion-pairing chromatography, a simple and sensitive analytical method, using the HPLC-DAD-FLD, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of fi ve distyryl-type FWAs in cosmetics and liquid detergent. The limits of detection were from 0.01 to 0.1 mg·kg-1, and the limits of quantifi cation were from 0.04 to 0.4 mg·kg-1. The recovery values were between 80.7% and 103.3%. The results in this study revealed that FWA85 and FWA351 were present in various commercial products. The developed method could provide scientifi c technical support for further sources of FWA pollution and the risk assessment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee No. 17DZ2203500. REFERENCES (1) X. D. Guo, Y. P. Xian, H. Y. Luo, Y. L. Wu, D. H. Luo, Y. G. Chen, and D. Xu, Quantitative determi- nations of seven fl uorescent whitening agents in polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride plastics by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Methods, 5, 6086–6093 (2013). (2) Y. Hu, X. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Hua, and R. Xiong, Detection of several common fl uorescent whitening agent in cotton textiles, Cotton Textile Technol., 44, 39–43 (2016). (3) J. Y. Lee, H. J. Youn, and H. L. Lee, Fundamental study for quantitative analysis of the fl uorescent whitening agent (FWA) content of paper and process water, Bioresources, 7, 315–326 (2012). (4) W. C. Shu and W. H. Ding, Determination of fl uorescent whitening agents in infant clothes and paper materials by ion-pair chromatography and fl uorescence detection, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 56, 797–803 (2009). (5) National Development and Reform Commission, QB/T 2953–2008, Fluorescent Whitening Agents for Detergent (China Light Industry Press, Beijing, 2008). (6) Z. S. Dong, Application and safety of fl uorescent brighteners, China Cleaning Ind., 4, 31–39 (2011). (7) Z. J. Wu, Y. S. Xu, M. C. Li, X. D. Guo, Y. P. Xian, and H. Dong, Determination of three fl uorescent whitening agents (FWAs) and their migration research in food contact plastic packaging containers and food simulants by UPLC-MS/MS method, RSC Adv., 6, 17941–17946 (2016). (8) C. J. Zhang, X. L. Luo, T. F. Wei, Y. F. Hu, G. K. Li, and Z. M. Zhang, Acylhydrazone bond dynamic covalent polymer gel monolithic column online coupling to high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of sulfonamides and fl uorescent whitening agents in food, J. Chromatogr. A, 1519, 28–37 (2017). (9) J. Ai, L. N. Huang, T. T. Yan, L. Su, Y. J. Chen, and B. Yang, Safety analysis of fl uorescent whitening agent for human skin, Chin. J. Aesthetic. Med., 25, 104–107 (2016). (10) Y. L. Wu, Y. P. Xian, X. D. Guo, L. W. Chen, X. J. Zhao, B. Wang, and L. Wang, Development and validation of a screening and quantifi cation method for simultaneous determination of seven fl uorescent whitening agents in commercial fl our using UPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem., 243, 162–167 (2017). (11) R. H. Guo and Y. H. Zhou, Rapid test of migration property of FWA containing in tissue paper, China Pulp. Paper., 26, 33–35 (2007). (12) G. Anders, Limits of accuracy obtainable in the direct determination by fl uorimetry of fl uorescent whit- ening agents on thin layer chromatograms, Environ. Qual. Saf., 4, 104–110 (1975).