STABILIZATION OF L-ASCORBIC ACID 11 a stabilization system was constructed, considering the ionic shielding and pH adjust­ ment in the stable w/o/w double emulsions. In a proper condition, the 1-ascorbic acid could maintain its initial molecular characteristics for a long time (we are still testing). It is notable that the emulsion formulations containing 1-ascorbic acid did not show any browning phenomenon, even after long storage at high temperature, verifying directly that the stabilization of 1-ascorbic acid is achieved in w/o/w double emulsions. More­ over, the successful skin permeation of L-ascorbic acid stabilized in this study is expected to maintain its functions in the final applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by the National Research Laboratory (NRL) program (Project No. 2000-N-NL-0l-C-270) of the Ministry of Science and Technology, South Korea. This study was also partially supported by a grant from the Korea Health 21 and R&D project, Ministry of Helath and Welfare, South Korea (03-PJ1-OH14-0001). REFERENCES (1) K. Iozumi, G. E. Hoganson, R. Pennella, M. A. Everett, and B. B. Fuller, Role of tyrosinase as the determinant of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes, ]. Invest. Dermatol., 100, 806-811 (1993 ). (2) G. Prata, Regulatory mechanisms of melanogenesis: Beyond the tyrosinase concept,]. Invest. Dermatol., 100, 156-161 (1993). (3) Y. Shindo, E. Witt, and L. Packer, Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light,]. Invest. Dermatol., 100, 260-265 (1993). (4) D. Darr and I. Fridovich, Free radicals in cutaneous biology,]. Invest Dermatol., 102, 671-675 (1994). (5) C. L. Phillips, S. B. Combs, and S. R. Pinnell, Effects of ascorbic acid on proliferation and collagen synthesis in relation to the donor age of human dermal fibroblasts,]. Invest Dermatol., 103, 228-232 (1994). (6) R. M. Colven and S. R. Pinnell, Topical vitamin C in aging, Clin. Dermatol., 14, 227-234 (1996). (7) B. M. Tolbert and J.B. Ward, "Dehydroascorbic Acid," In Advances in Chemical Series (American Chemical Society, Washington, 1982), Vol. 200, p. 101. (8) R. Austria, A. Semenzato, and A. Bettero, Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations,]. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal., 15, 795-801 (1997). (9) M. Gallarate, M. E. Carlotti, M. Trotta, and S. Bovo, On the stability of ascorbic acid in emulsified systems for topical and cosmetic use, Int.]. Pharrn., 188, 233-241 (1999). (10) M. A. Trindade and C. R. F. Grosso, The stability of ascorbic acid microencapsulated in granules of rice starch and in gum arabic,]. Microencapsul., 17, 169-176 (2000). (11) P. Spiclin, M. Gasperlin, and V. Kmetec, Stability of ascorbyl palmitate in topical microemulsions, Int. ]. Pharm., 222, 271-279 (2001). (12) M. S. Uddin, M. N. A. Hawlader, and H.J. Zhu, Microencapsulation of ascorbic acid: Effect of process variables on product characteristics,]. Microencapsul., 18, 199-209 (2001). (13) E. Kimoto, H. Tanaka, T. Ohmoto, and M. Choami, Analysis of the transformation products of dehydro-1-ascorbic acid by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Biochem., 214, 38-44 (1993). (14) J. R. Yuan and F. Chen, Degradation of ascorbic acid in aqueous solution,]. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 5078-5082 (1992). (15) 0. Solomon, U. Svanberg, and A. Sahlstrom, Effect of oxygen and fluorescent light on the quality of orange juice during storage at 8°C, Food Chem., 53, 363-368 (1995 ). (16) J. W. Kim, S. I. Lee, B. G. Chae, H.K. Kim, and H. H. Kang, Extremely stable w/o/w multiple emulsions by manipulating the characteristics of internal aqueous phase, 75th ACS Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, June 10-13, 2001.
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