SKIN-LIGHTENING COSMETIC INGREDIENTS 53 (38) P. A. Riley, Mechanism of pigment cell toxicity produced by hydroxyanisole, J. Pathol., 101, 163–169 (1970). (39) S. Naish-Byfi eld, C. J. Cooksey, A. M. Later, C. I. Johnson, and P. A. Riley, In vitro assessment of the structure activity relationship of tyrosinase dependent cytotoxicity of a series of substituted phenols, Melanoma Res., 1, 273–287 (1991). (40) K. Maeda and M. Fukuda, Arbutin: Mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 276, 765–769 (1996). (41) A. K. Chakraborthy, Y. Funassaka, M. Komoto, and M. Ichihashi, Effect of arbutin on melanogenetic proteins in human melanocytes, Pigment Cell Res., 11, 206–212 (1998). (42) J. Cabanes, S. Chazzarra, and F. Garcia-Carmona, Kojic acid, a cosmetic skin whitening agent, is a slow- binding inhibitor of catecholase activity of tyrosinase, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 46, 982–985 (1994). (43) M. Nakagawa and K. Kawai, Contact allergy to kojic acid in skin care products, Contact Dermatitis, 32, 9–13 (1995). (44) S. H. Lee, S. Y. Choi, H. Kin, J. S. Hwang, B. G. Lee, and J. J. Gao, Mulberoside F isolated from the leaves of Morus alba inhibits melanin biosythesis, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 25, 1045–1048 (2002). (45) K. Jones, J. Hughes, M. Hong, Q. Jia, and S. Orndorff, Modulation of melanogenesis by aloesin: A competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, Pigment Cell Res., 15, 335–340 (2002). (46) I. Kubo and K. Hori, Flavanols from saffron fl ower: Tyrosinase inhibitory activity and inhibition mech- anism, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4121–4125 (1999). (47) I. Parejo, F. Viladomat, J. Bastida, and C. Codina, Variation of the arbutin content in different wild populations of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in Catalonia, Spain Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 9, 329–333 (2002). (48) B. Fu, H. Li, X. Wang, F. S. Lee, and S. Cui, Isolation and identifi cation of fl avonoids in licorice and a study of their inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7408–7414 (2005). (49) J. K. No, D. Y. Soung, and Y. J. Kim, Inhibition of tyrosinase by green tea components, Life Sci., 65, 241–245 (1999). (50) A. Adhikari, H. P. Devkota, A. Takano, K. Masuda, T. Nakane, P. Basnet, N. Skalsko, and N. Basnet, Screening of Nepalese crude drugs traditionally used to treat hyperpigmentation: In vitro tyrosinase inhibition, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 30, 353–360 (2008). (51) C. Zhang, L. Tao, X. Tao, and X. Su, Tyrosinase inhibitory effects and inhibition mechanism of nobile- tin and hesperidin from citrus peel crude extracts, J. Enz. Inhib. Medicinal Chem., 22, 83–90 (2007). (52) M. Yoshimura, Y. Watanabe, K. Kasai, J. Yamakoshi, and T. Koga, Inhibitory effect of an ellagic acid rich pomegranate extract on tyrosinase activity and ultraviolet induced pigmentation, Biosci. Biotechmol. Biochem., 69, 2368–2373 (2005). (53) T. Shoji, S. Masumoto, N. Moriichi, M. Kobori, T. Kanda, H. Shinmoto, et al. Procyanidin trimers to pentamers fractionated from apple inhibit melangenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 53, 6105–6111 (2005). (54) H. S. Lee, Tyrosinase inhibitors of Pulsatilla cernua root derived materials, J. Agric. Food Chem, 50, 1400–1403 (2002). (55) I. Kubo and I. Kint-Hori, Tyrosinase inhibitors from cumin, J. Agric Food Chem., 46, 5338–5341 (1988). (56) S. E. Lee, M. O. Kim, S. G. Lee, Y. J. Ahn, and H. S. Lee, Inhibitory effects of Cinnamonum cassia bark derived materials on mushroom tyrosinase, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 9, 330–333 (2000). (57) P. Tengamnuay, K. Pengrungruangwong, I. Pheansri, and K. Likhitwitayawuid, Artocarpus lakoocha heartwood extract as a novel cosmetic ingredient: Evaluation of the in vitro anti-tyrosinase and in vivo skin whitening activities, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 28, 269–276 (2006). (58) A. B. Durkee, F. B. Johnston, P. A. Thivierge, and P. A. Poaps, Arbutin and a related glucoside in immature pear fruit, J. Food Sci., 33, 461–463 (1968). (59) H. Shimogaki, Y. Tanaka, H. Yamai, and M. Masuda, In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ellagic acid on melanogenesis inhibition, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 22, 291–303 (2000). (60) K. T. Lee, K. S. Lee, J. H. Jeong, B. K. Jo, M. Y. Heo, and H. P. Kim, Inhibitory effects of Ramulus mori extracts on melanogenesis, J. Cosmet. Sci., 54, 133–142 (2003). (61) J. Y. Lim, K. Ishiguro, and I. Kubo, Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of p-coumaric acid from ginseng leaves, Phytother. Res., 13, 371–375 (1999). (62) T. Hanamura, E. Uchida, and H. Aoki, Skin lightening effect of a polyphenol extract from Acreola (Malphigia emarginata DC) fruit on UV-induced pigmentation, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72, 3211–3218 (2008).
JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 54 (63) C. C. Chien, M. L. Tsai, C. C. Chen, S. J. Chang, and C. H. Tseng, Effects on tyrosinase activity by the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and related mushrooms, Mycopathologia, 166, 2 (2008). (64) A. D. Katsambas and A. J. Stratigos, Depigmenting and bleaching agents: Coping with hyperpigmen- tation, Clinics Dermatol., 19, 483–488 (2001). (65) D. Roshchupkin, M. Y. Pistov, and A. Y. Patapenlo, Inhibition of UV induced erythema by antioxi- dants, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 266, 91–94 (1979). (66) N. Muizzuddin, A. R. Shakoori, and K. D. Marenus, Effect of antioxidants and free radical scavengers on protection of human skin against UVB, UVA and IR irradiation, Skin Res. Technol., 5, 260–265 (1999). (67) A. Pompella, A. Visvikis, A. Paolicchi, V. De Tata, and A. F. Casini, The changing face of glutathione, a cellular protagonist, Biochem. Pharmacol., 66, 1499–1503 (2003). (68) Z. D. Draelos, Novel topical therapies in cosmetic dermatology, Curr. Prob. Dermatol. (Elsevier, New York, 2000). (69) T. Aburjai and F. M. Natsheh, Plants used in cosmetics, Phytother. Res., 17, 987–1000 (2003). (70) A. M. Kligman and I. Willis, A new formula for depigmenting human skin, Arch. Dermatol., 111, 40 (1975). (71) K. Yoshimura, A. Momosawa, E. Aiba, K. Sato, D. Matsumoto, Y. Mitoma, K. Harii, T. Aoyama, and T. Iga, Clinical trial of bleaching treatment with 10% all trans-retinol gel, Dermatol. Surg., 29, 2155–2160 (2003). (72) A. M. Kligman, The growing importance of topical retinoids in clinical dermatology: A retrospective and prospective analysis, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 39, S2–S7 (1998). (73) T. Hokazaki, L. Minwalla, and J. Zhuang, The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmenta- tion and suppression of melanosomal transfer, Br. J. Dermatol., 147, 20–31 (2002). (74) W. Gehring, Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin, J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 88–93 (2004). (75) J. Franchi, M. C. Coutadeur, C. Marteau, M. Mersel, and A. Kupferberg, Depigmenting effects of calcium D-pantetheine-S-sulfonate on human melanocytes, Pigment Cell Res., 13, 165–171 (2000). (76) J. R. Ros, J. N. Rodriguez-Lopes, and F. Garcia-Canovas, Effects of L-ascorbic acid on the monopheno- lase activity of tyrosinase, Biochem. J., 295, 309–312 (1993). (77) K. Kameyama, C. Sakai, and S. Kondoh, Inhibitory effects of magnesium 1-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 34, 29–33 (1996). (78) K. E. Burke, J. Clive, G. F. Combs Jr., J. Commisso, C. L. Keen, and R. N. Nakamura, The effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in skh: 2 hairless mice, J. Nutr. Cancer, 2887–3897 (2001). (79) K. E. Burke, Interaction of vitamins C and E as better cosmeceuticals, Dermatolog. Ther., 20, 314–321 (2007). (80) G. R. Kantharaj, Skin lightening agents: New chemical and plant extracts—Ongoing search for the Holy Grail, Ind. J. Dermatol. Venerol. Leperol., 76, 3–6 (2010). (81) E. R. Sharlow, C. S. Paine, L. Babiarz, M. Eisinger, S. Shapiro, and M. Seiberg, J. Cell Sci., 113, 3093–3101 (2000). (82) B. M. Hantash, US Patent application 2009/099093 A1. (83) H. Yamada, N. Fuwa, and M. Nomura, US Patent 6,165,982. (84) M. Sieberg, Keratinocyte–melanocyte interactions during melanosome transfer, Pigment Cell Res., 14, 236–242 (2001). (85) J. E. Fulton and S. Porumb, Chemical peels: Their place within the range of resurfacing techniques, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 5, 179–187 (2004).
Purchased for the exclusive use of nofirst nolast (unknown) From: SCC Media Library & Resource Center (library.scconline.org)