RISK ASSESSMENT OF METALS AND METALLOIDS IN COSMETIC IN NIGERIA 437 The THQ for Pb, Hg, Cd, and Ni was 9.84E-15–0 and 9.67E-16–0, 4.83E-12–4.90E-11 and 4.74E-12–4.81E-11, 9.38E-16–2.68E-13 and 9.22E-16–2.63E-13, and 2.26E- 11–1.96E-10 and 2.22E-11–1.93E-10 for adults and children, respectively. HI range was 2.67E-13–2.34E-10 and 2.63E-13–2.30E-10 for adults and children, re- spectively. The least HI value was calculated from Chioral restoration, whereas the high- est was found in Acreway creams, respectively. Cancer risk from the different brands of cream is shown on Table VI. The highest cancer risk value for adults was 1.011E-08, whereas the least was 6.324E-10. These concentra- tions were found in Aquasulf and Authentic herbal cream, Cyndy herb crystal, New Jerusalem, Dr Elechi omega 7, and Heel balm. Cancer risk for children ranged from 6.213E-10 to 9.941E-09 in the same cream samples, respectively. The estimated SED and MoS associated with the use of these brands of cosmetic products are shown in Tables VII and VIII. DISCUSSION The presence of toxic metals in cosmetics is inevitable because of their ubiquitous and persistent nature in the environment. But their presence in cosmetics as an ingredient has been prohibited by some countries, whereas there is no international standard on their impurity level. There might not be international standards, but most ingredients prone to contain heavy metals (such as colorants) have established purity requirements. Table VI Cancer Risk of Metal in Cosmetics (mg/kg) S/N Sample identity As ADL CHL 1 BJ 7 d ND ND 2 Tee Tee 3 d ND ND 3 Aquasulf 1.01195E-08 9.94192E-09 4 Skin Guard Aloe vera 7.58959E-09 7.45644E-09 5 Acrec way ND ND 6 Ceedym acne 1.26493E-09 1.24274E-09 7 Authentic herbal cream 6.32466E-10 6.2137E-10 8 Chioral restoration ND ND 9 Magic herb ND ND 10 Cyndy herb crystal 6.32466E-10 6.2137E-10 11 New Jerusalem 6.32466E-10 6.2137E-10 12 Dr Elechi omega 7 6.32466E-10 6.2137E-10 13 Grace palm herbal balm ND ND 14 Anti-wrinkles cream 1.26493E-09 1.24274E-09 15 Hip up cream ND ND 16 Hand D cream ND ND 17 Heel balm 6.32466E-10 6.2137E-10 18 Lip balm feel ND ND 19 Deep relief ND ND 20 Candy anti-spot ND ND As: arsenic.

Table VII. Systemic Exposure Dosage and Margin of Safety of Metals in Cosmetics Obtained by Using 100% Bioaccessibility Sample (brand name and type) As Pb Hg Cd Ni As Pb Hg Cd Ni Systemic exposure dosage Margin of safety BJ 7 d (body cream) ND 7.8881 0.0065 0.1956 3.716 ND 0.0066 4.6019 0.0292 0.1507 Tee Tee 3 d (facials) ND 0.089 ND 0.0079 0.0261 ND 0.5843 ND 0.72156 21.469 Aquasulf (body cream) 0.075 12.139 ND 1.2852 5.4155 0.4002 0.0043 ND 0.00444 0.1034 Skin Guard Aloe vera (body cream) 0.0573 13.164 ND 0.7963 6.4679 0.5238 0.004 ND 0.00716 0.0866 Acrec way (body cream) ND 4.9173 ND 0.3213 12.782 ND 0.0106 ND 0.01774 0.0438 Ceedym acne (facials) 7E-05 0.055 ND ND 0.0127 461.15 0.9462 ND ND 43.983 Authentic herbal cream (body cream) 0.0065 4.1722 0.0051 ND 4.0605 4.6019 0.0125 5.8569 ND 0.1379 Chioral restoration (body cream) ND ND ND 1.5553 ND ND ND ND 0.00366 ND Magic herb (body cream) ND 7.7717 ND ND 6.1605 ND 0.0067 ND ND 0.0909 Cyndy herb crystal (hair cream) 8E-06 0.059 ND ND 0.0047 3,908.3 8.809 ND ND 122.41 New Jerusalem (body cream) 0.0061 6.6914 ND 0.0279 1.7322 4.9559 0.0078 ND 0.20402 0.3233 Dr Elechi omega 7 (body cream) 0.0088 4.7776 0.0047 ND 11.604 3.3908 0.0109 6.4426 ND 0.0483 Grace palm herbal balm (hand cream) ND 0.0265 ND ND 0.1036 ND 1.9608 ND ND 5.4058 Anti-wrinkles cream (body cream) 0.0098 9.8531 ND 0.0512 9.0615 3.0679 0.0053 ND 0.11128 0.0618 Hip up cream ND 6.3654 ND 0.014 3.4831 ND 0.0082 ND 0.40803 0.1608 Hand D cream (hand cream) ND ND ND 6E-05 0.0738 ND ND ND 92.0543 7.5872 Heel balm (heel balm) 1E-07 3E-05 ND 5E-07 3E-05 299,043 2,014.8 ND 12,500 17,645 Lip balm feel (lip balm) ND ND ND ND 9E-05 ND ND ND ND 6,532.3 Deep relief (body cream) ND 6.6229 ND ND 1.9231 ND 0.0079 ND ND 0.2912 Candy anti-spot (facials) ND 0.02 3E-05 ND 0.0089 ND 2.5936 880.37 ND 62.986 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 438