RISK ASSESSMENT OF METALS AND METALLOIDS IN COSMETIC IN NIGERIA 443 daily intake (47). The SED for some of the brands of cosmetics product sampled (body creams) were greater than the PTDI value, whereas SED of brands of cosmetic products grouped as facials, hand creams, and lip balm were less than the PTDI value. The SED of cadmium from the use of these cosmetics ranged from 2E-07 to 1.5553 μg/kgbw/d for both 50% and 100% bioaccessibility scenario. The PTDI of cadmium is set at 1 μg/kgbw/d however, the European food and safety authority (EFSA) set the pro- visional tolerable weekly intake of cadmium as 2.5 μg/kgbw/wk (48). The SED value of cadmium from the use of these brands of cosmetic products was less than 0.1% of the EFSA provisional intake, except for some brands of cosmetic products grouped as body cream, such as Aquasulf body cream and Cloral restoration cream, which had SED value greater than 1 μg/kgbw/d. The estimated value of Hg and Ni from the use of these brands of cosmetic products for both 50% and 100% bioaccessibility scenario ranged from 2E-05 to 0.0065 μg/kgbw/d and 2E-05 to 12.782 μg/kg/bw/d, respectively. The tolerable daily intake of Hg and Ni are 0.20 μg/kg/bw/d (49) and 720 μg/kgbw/d (46), respectively. The estimated SED for Hg and Ni in this study were less than their respective tolerable daily intake. The estimated MoS value for metals in these brands of cosmetics (body creams and hand creams) were lower than the proposed value of 100 set by the WHO, indicating that a signifi cant risk might be associated with the long-term use of these cosmetic products, whereas brands of cosmetic products such as lip balms, hair creams, and some facial creams had a value greater than the proposed MoS value by the WHO, which indicates a nonsignifi cant risk associated with the concentration of metals in these products. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that the heavy metal contaminants in cosmetic creams analyzed may not pose signifi cant health risk as individual concentrations are less than standard limits set by Health Canada, Food and Drug Administration, and the Cosmetics Section Committee of the Bureau of Indian Standards. Cancer risk from this study was within safe limits. Taken together, cosmetic use in Nigeria may not constitute a signifi cant source of body burden of these metals. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was partly funded by Africa Education Initiative (www.nef3.org). REFERENCES (1) E. Ori sakwe and J. O. Otaruku, Metal concentrations of cosmetic commonly used in Nigeria, Sci. World J., 2013, 959637 (2013). (2) C. M. A. Iwegbue, F. I. Bassey, G. Obi, G. O. Tesi, and B. S. Martincigh, Concentration and exposure risk of some metals in facial cosmetics in Nigeria, Toxicol. Rep., 3, 468–472 (2015). (3) B. Boc ca, A. Pino, A. Alimonti, and G. Forte, Toxic metals contained in cosmetics: a status report, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 68, 447–467 (2014). (4) I. Al- Saleh and S. Al- Enazi, Trace metal in lip sticks, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 96(6), 1149–1165 (2011).

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