WATER LOSS OF STRATUM CORNEUM 251 ] o0 m 0o5 m 32O ! y x l0 s (deg -!) Figure 7. Water permeation through stratum comeurn as a function of temperature •. The rate o• water vapor absorption o• human stratum corneum depends on the relative humidity. The equilibrium water content o• extracted and nn- extracted human stratum corneum at humidities below about 80% is essential- ly the same. 3. The rate of water vapor transmission through human stratum corneum in vitro is a linear function of the ambient relative humidity. Th•s rate is markedly decreased by a reduction in temperature. ( Received November 13, 1973 )
252 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS REFERENCES (1) Blank, I. H., Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum, J. Invest. Dermatol., 18, 433-40 (1952). (2) Griee, K., et al., The effect of ambient humidity on transepidermal water loss, Ibid., 58, 343-6 (1972). (3) Wildnauer, R. H., et al., Stratum comeurn biomechanical properties. I. Influence of relative humidity on normal and extracted human stratum comeurn, Ibid., 56,72-8 (1971). (4) Dick, J. C., The tension and resistance to stretching of human skin and other mem- branes, with results from a series of normal and oedematous cases, J. Physiol., 112, 102-13 (1951). (5) Higuchi, T., and Tillman, W. J., Stress-relaxation of stretched callus strips, Arch. Environ. Health, 11, 508-21 (1965). (6) Park, A. C., and Baddiel, C. B., Rheology of stratum comeurn. I. A molecular inter- pretation of the stress-strain curve, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 23, 3-12 (1972). (7) Kligman, A.M., The Biolog[t of the Stratum Comeurn, in Montagna, W., and Lobitz, W. C., The Epidermis, Academic Press, New York, 1964, p. 39 L (8) Wall, R. A., et al., Multiple mechanical relaxation phenomena in human hair, J. Poly- mer Sci., Part C, 14, 299-311 (1966). (9) Ferry, J. C., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley &, Sons, Inc., New York, 1961, pp. 23, 45-7. (10) Still, J. E., and Cluley, H. J., A new method for the measurement of extremely low humidities and its application to the testing of desiccants, Analy.st, 97, 1-16 (1972). (11) Merck Index, 6th Ed., Rahway, N.J., 1952, p. 1134. (12) Smith, P. R., A New Apparatus for the Study of Moisture Sotption by Starches and Other Foodstuffs in Humidified Atmospheres, in Wexler, A., and wildhack, W. A., Humidity and Moisture, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1965, pp. 487-94. (13) Kligman, A.M., and Christophers, E., Preparation of isolated slieets •of human stratum comeurn, Arch. Dermatol., 88, 702-5 (1963). (14) Blank, I. H., Further observations on factors which influence, the water content of the stratum corneum, J. Invest. Dermatol., 21, 259-71 (1953). • (15) Goodman, A. B., and Wolf, A. V., Insensible water loss from human skin as a func- tion of ambient vapor concentration, J. Appl. Physiol., 26, 203-7 (1969). (16) Parks, A. C., and Baddiel, C. B., The effect of saturated salt solutions on the elastic properties of stratum corneum, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 23, 471-9 (1972). (17) Singer, E. J., and Vinson, L. J., The water-binding properties of skin, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Ass., 46, 29-33 (1966). (18) Fox, C., et al., Modification of the water holding capacity of callus by pretreatment with additives, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 13, 263-79 (1962). (19) Berube, G. R., et al., Measurement in vivo of transepidermal moisture loss, Ibid., 22, 361-8 (1971). (20) Brubaker, D. W., and Kammermeyer, K., Separation of gases by means of permeable membranes: permeability of plastic membranes to gases, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1465- 74 (1952). (21) Scheuplein, R. J., and Blank, I. H., Permeability of the skin, Physiol. Rev., 51, 702- 47 (1971). (22) Doty, P.M., et al., Water vapor permeability of organic fihns, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 16, 686-90 (1944). (23) Berube, G. R., and Berdick, M., Transepidermal moisture loss. II. The significance of the nse thickness of topical substances, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., accepted for publica- tion.
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