PHTHALATE ESTERS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS 135 (13) H. G. Wahl, A. Hoffmann, H.-U. Haring, and H. M. Liebich, Identification of plasticizers in medical products by a combined direct thermodesorption-cooled injection system and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry,]. Chromatogr., 847, 1-7 (1999). (14) M. Fujii, N. Shinohara, A. Lim, T. Otake, K. Kumagai, and Y. Yanagisawa, A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler, Atmospheric Environ., 37, 5495- 5504 (2003). (15) J. Houlihan, C. Brody, and B. Schwan, "Not Too Pretty: Phthalates, Beauty Products, & the FDA," a report published by the Environmental Working Group, Coming Clean, and Health Care Without Harm, July 8, 2002 (http:!lwww.ewg.org/reports_content/nottoopretty!NotTooPrettyJinal.pd/). (16) B. C. Blount, M. J. Silva, S. P. Caudil, L. L. Needham, J. L. Pirkle, E. J. Sampson, G. W. Lucier, R. J. Jackson, and J. W. Brock, Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference popu- lation, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 979-982 (2000). (17) J. A. Hoppin, J. W. Brock, B. J. Davis, and D. D. Baird, Reproducibility of urinary phthalate me- tabolites in first morning urine samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 515-518 (2002). (18) J. W. Koo, F. Parham, M. C., Kohn, S. A. Masten, J. W. Brock, L. L. Needham, and C. J. Pottier, The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 405--410 (2002). (19) H. Koch, M. Holger, B. Rossbach, H. Drexler, and J. Angerer, Internal exposure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates-Determination of secondary and primary phthalate mono- ester metabolites in urine, Environ. Res., 93, 177-185 (2003). (20) A. M. Calafat, A. Slakman, S. Ryan, J. Manori, A. R. Herbert, and L. L. Needham, Automated solid phase extraction and quantitative analysis of human milk for 13 phthalate metabolites,]. Chromatogr. B, 805, 49-56 (2004). (21) M. C. Kohn, F. Parham, S. A. Masten, C. J. Portier, M. D. Shelby, J. W. Brock, and L. L. Needham, Human exposure to phthalate esters, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, A440-A442 (2000). (22) M. Ema, E. Miyawaki, and K. Kawashima, Further evaluation of developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate following administration during late pregnancy in rats, Toxicol. Lett., 98, 87-93 (1998). (23) F. A. Arcadi, C. Costa, C. Imperatore, A. Marchese, A. Rapisarda, M. Salemi, G. R. Trimarchi, and G. Costa, Oral toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during pregnancy and suckling in the Long-Evans rat, Food Chem. Toxicol., 36, 963-970 (1998). (24) M. Ema, E. Miyawaki, and K. Kawashima, Effects of dibutyl phthalate on reproductive function in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats, Reprod. Toxicol., 14, 13-19 (2000). (25) M. Ema, E. Miyawaki, and K. Kawashima, Critical period for adverse effects on development of reproductive system in male offspring of rats given di-n-butyl phthalate during late pregnancy, Toxicol. Lett., 111, 271-278 (2000). (26) M. Ema and E. Miyawaki, Effects of monobutyl phthalate on reproductive function in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats, Reprod. Toxicol., 15, 261-267 (2001). (27) M. Ema and E. Miyawaki, Adverse effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given monobutyl phthalate, a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate, during late pregnancy, Reprod. Toxicol., 15, 189-194 (2001). (28) E. Mylchreest, R. C. Cattley, and P. M. D. Foster, Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate: An antiandrogenic mecha- nism?, Toxicol. Sci., 43, 47-60 (1998). (29) M. Ema and E. Miyawaki, Effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given butyl benzyl phthalate during late pregnancy, Reprod. Toxic-of., 16, 71-76 (2002). (30) M. Ema, E. Miyawaki, A. Hirose, and E. Kamara, Decreased anogenital distance and increased incidence of undescended testes in fetuses of rats given monobenzyl phthalate, a major metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate, Reprod. Toxicol., 17, 407-412 (2003). (31) S. D. Gangolli, Testicular effects of phthalate esters, Environ. Health Perspect., 45, 77-84 (1982). (32) T. Ichimura, M. Kawamura, and A. Mitani, Co-localized expression of FasL, Fas, Caspase-3 and apoptotic DNA fragmentation in mouse testis after oral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, Toxi- cology, 194, 35-42 (2003). (33) R. Kavlock, K. Boekelheide, R. Chapin, M. Cunningham, E. Faustman, P. Foster, M. Golub, R. Henderson, I. Hinberg, and R. Little, NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduc- tion: Phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate, Reprod. Toxicol., 16, 489-527 (2002). (34) R. Kavlock, K. Boekelheide, R. Chapin, M. Cunningham, E. Faustman, P. Foster, M. Golub, R.

136 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE Henderson, I. Hinberg, and R. Little, NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduc- tion: Phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate, Reprod. Toxicol., 16, 45 3-487 (2002). (35) K.-Y. Lee, M. Shibutani, H. Takagi, N. Kato, S. Takigami, C. Uneyama, and M. Hirose, Diverse developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in both sexes of rat offspring after maternal exposure during the period from late gestation through lactation, Toxicology, 203, 221-238 (2004). (36) R. N. Wine, L.-H. Li, L. H. Barnes, D. K. Gulati, and R. E. Chapin, Reproductive toxicity of di-n- butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats, Environ. Health Perspect., 105, 102-107 (1997). (37) J. Doull, R. Cauley, C. Elcombe, B. G. Lake, J. Swenberg, C. Wilkenson, G. Williams, and M. A. van Gernert, A cancer risk assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Application of the new U.S. EPA risk assessment guidelines, Regttl. Toxicol. Pharrnacol., 29, 327-357 (1999). (38) R. L. Melnick, Is peroxisome proliferation an obligatory precursor step in the carcinogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)?, Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 437-442 (2001). (39) S. M. Duty, N. P. Singh, M. J. Silva, D. B. Barr, J. W. Brock, L. Ryan, R. F. Herrick, D. C. Christiani, and R. Hauser, The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1164-1169 (2003). (40) Y. Tomonari, Y. Kurata, T. Kawasuso, R. David, G. Gans, M. Tsuchitani, and M. Katoh, Testicular toxicity study of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in juvenile common marmoset, Toxicologist, 72, 385 (2003). (41) FDA, 2004 priorities (http:l/www.cfsan.fda.gov/-dms!cfsan404.html). (42) R. Battle and C. Nerin, Application of single-drop microextraction to the determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in food simulants,J. Chromatogr. A, 1045, 29-35 (2004). (43) G. Prokupkova, K. Holadova, J. Poustka, and J. Hajslova, Development of a solid-phase microexcrac- tion method for the determination of phthalic acid esters in water, Anal. Chim. Acta, 457, 211-233 (2002). (44) 0. A. Teirlynck and M. T. Rosseel, Determination of di- and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in plasma by gas chromatography,]. Chromatogr., 342, 399-405 (1985). (45) K. S. Andersen and J. Lam, Simple and direct method for quantitative gas chromatographic determi- nation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in edible oils,]. Chromatogr., 169, 101-106 (1979). (46) Y.-Q. Cai, G.-B. Jiang, J.-F. Liu, and Q.-X. Zhou, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed cartridge for the solid-phase extraction of several phthalate esters from water samples and their determination by high performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta, 494, 149-156 (2003). (47) K. Mitani, S. Narimatsu, F. Izushi, and H. Kataoka, Simple and rapid analysis of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions by automated in-tube solid-phase microex- traction/high performance liquid chromatography,]. Pharrn. Biomed. Anal., 32, 469-478 (2003). (48) K. Kambia, T. Dine, B. Gressier, A.-F. Germe, M. Luyckx, C. Brunet, L. Michaud, and F. Gottrand, High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in total parenteral nutrition and in plasma,]. Chrornatogr. B, 755, 297-303 (2001). (49) S. Jara, C. Lysebo, T. Greibrokk, and E. Lundanes, Determination of phthalates in water samples using polystyrene solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quantification, Anal. Chim. Acta, 407, 165-171 (2000). (50) L. Brossa, R. M. Maree, F. Borrull, and E. Pocurull, Application of on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the determination of endocrine disruptors in water samples,]. Chrornatogr. A, 963, 287-294 (2002). (51) R. Chaler, L. Canton, M. Vaquero, and]. 0. Grimalt, Identification and quantification of n-octyl esters of alkanoic and hexanedioic acids and phthalates as urban wastewater markers in biota and sediments from estuarine areas, J. Chrornatogr. A, 1046, 203-210 (2004). (52) E. Cortazar, 0. Zuloaga, J. Sanz, J. C. Raposo, N. Etxebarria, and L. A. Fernandez, MultiSimplex optimisation of the solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determina- tion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalates from water samples,]. Chrornatogr. A, 978, 165-175 (2002). (53) K. Luks-Betlej, P. Popp, B. Janoszka, and H. Paschke, Solid-phase microextraction of phthalates from water,]. Chrornatogr. A, 938, 93-101 (2001). (54) T. Niino, T. Ishibashi, T. Itho, S. Sakai, H. Ishiwata, T. Yamada, and S. Onodera, Simultaneous determination of phthalate di- and monoesters in poly(vinylchloride) products and human saliva by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chrornatogr. B, 780, 35-44 (2002).