JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 12 pathways such as gycolysis, the citric acid cycle, isoprenoids, and lipid synthesis. Finally, we have shown in a clinical study for wound healing and by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) that PTA can signifi cantly decrease TEWL when compared to a saline treat- ment, further showing its biological activity in vivo. We believe that D-panthenyl triacetate can be a valid active to incorporate in modern cosmetic formulations to target sensitive and atopic dry skin, to rebalance excessive skin sebum release, to reinforce the skin barrier, and to repair skin damage. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Mrs Parand Salmassinia for kindly reviewing and editing the manuscript. REFERENCES (1) F. Ebner, A. Heller, F. Rippke, and I. Tausch, Topical use of dexpanthenol in skin disorders, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 3, 427–433 (2002). (2) F. C. Combes and R. Zuckerman, Panthenol: Its topical use in cutaneous ulceration, J. Invest. Dermatol., 16, 379–381 (1951). (3) L. F. Eichenfi eld, J. F. Fowler, Jr, D. S. Rigel, and S. C. Taylor, Natural advances in eczema care, Cutis, 80, 2–16 (2007). (4) K. Biro, D. Thaçi, F. R. Ochsendorf, R. Kaufmann, and W. H. Boehncke, Effi cacy of dexpanthenol in skin protection against irritation: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Contact Dermatitis, 49, 80–84 (2003). (5) E. Proksch and H. P. Nissen, Dexpanthenol enhances skin barrier repair and reduces infl ammation after sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritation, J. Dermatol. Treat., 13, 173–178 (2002). (6) W. Gehring and M. Gloor, Effect of topically applied dexpanthenol on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum hydration. Results of a human in vivo study, Arzneimittelforschung, 50, 659–663 (2000). (7) G. Dell’Acqua, K. Schweikert, and G. Calloni, Oak, green tea and orange derivatives to disrupt JAK/ STAT, NF-κB irritation pathways, Cosmet. Toiletr., 126, 30–38 (2011). (8) W. McGregor, K. Schweikert, and G. Dell’Acqua, Sebum reduction in oily skin individuals by treat- ment with a combination of panthenyl triacetate and farnesyl acetate, precursors of the isoprenoid and sterol syntheses, SÖFW J., 132, 2–7 (2006). (9) B. Lacroix, E. Didier, and J. F. Grenier, Role of pantothenic and ascorbic acid in wound healing pro- cesses: In vitro study on fi broblasts, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 58, 407–413 (1988). (10) V. S. Slyshenkov, K. Piwocka, E. Sikora, and L. Wojtczak, Pantothenic acid protects jurkat cells against ultraviolet light-induced apoptosis, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 30, 1303–1310 (2001). (11) V. S. Slyshenkov, D. Dymkowska, and L. Wojtczak, Pantothenic acid and pantothenol increase biosyn- thesis of glutathione by boosting cell energetic, FEBS Lett., 569, 169–172 (2004). (12) K. Schweikert, F. Gafner, and G. Dell’Acqua, A bioactive complex to protect proteins from UV-induced oxidation in human epidermis, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 32, 29–34 (2010). (13) T. Wiederholt, R. Heise, C. Skazik, Y. Marquardt, S. Joussen, K. Erdmann, H. Schröder, H. F. Merk, and J. M. Baron, Calcium pantothenate modulates gene expression in proliferating human dermal fi bro- blasts, Exp. Dermatol., 18, 969–978 (2009). (14) F. P. Schmook, J. G. Meingassner, and A. Billich, Comparison of human skin or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in-vitro percutaneous absorption, Int. J. Pharm., 215, 51–56 (2001). (15) R. Schmidt, E. J. Parish, V. Dionisius, C. Cathelineau, S. Michel, B. Shroot, A. Rolland, A. Brzokewicz, and U. Reichert, Modulation of cellular cholesterol and its effect on cornifi ed envelope formation in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes, J. Invest. Dermatol., 97, 771–775 (1991). (16) J. L Goldstein and M. S. Brown, Regulation of the mevalonate pathway, Nature, 343, 425–430 (1990).
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