STUDIES OF CAFFEINE-LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES 171 type carriers (24). Thus, it was named anomalous drug transport. The kinetic results show that Caf release was diffusion controlled and, because of lipid matrix degradation, lipid matrix erosion controlled. CONCLUSIONS A new delivery system using SLNs with Caf were successfully formulated and character- ized for the fi rst time. DLS and SEM measurements clearly indicated that Caf-SLNs had a spherical structure and nanometric particle size with good PI values. Caf was loaded into the SLNs with reasonable encapsulation effi ciency. The release profi le of Caf from the Figure 4. The cumulative release pro fi le of caffeine from Caf-SLNs. Figure 3. Thermograms of unloaded SLNs, caffeine, caffeine-loaded SLNs, and Softisan 100® obtained using DSC.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 172 Caf-SLNs best fi t the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation with the anomalous transport mecha- nism. The SLNs can be used potentially as a topical carrier for Caf with improved loading capacity and a controlled release profi le. REFERENCES (1) N. Belhaj, E. Arab-Tehrany, E. Loing, and C. Bezivin, Skin delivery of hydrophilic molecules from lipo- somes and polysaccharide-coated liposomes, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 39(4), 435–441 (2017). (2) P. Desai, R. R. Patlolla, an d M. Singh, Interaction of nanoparticles and cell-penetrating peptides with skin for transdermal drug delivery, Mol. Membr. Biol., 27(7), 247–259 (2010). (3) C. H. Liu, C. T. Wu, and J. Y. Fang, Characterization and formulation optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles in vitamin K1. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 36, 751–761(2010). (4) H. Ma, M. Yu, M. Lei, F. Tan , and N. Li, A novel topical targeting system of caffeine microemulsion for inhibiting UVB-induced skin tumor: characterization, optimization, and evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech, 16(4), 905–913 (2015). (5) C. Puglia, A. Offerta, G. G. Tirendi, M. S. Tarico, S. Curreri, F. Bonina, and R. E. Perrotta, Design of solid lipid nanoparticles for caffeine topical administration. Drug Deliv., 23(1), 36–40 (2016). (6) H. Hamishehkar, J. Shokri, S . Fallahi, A. Jahangiri, S. Ghanbarzadeh, and M. Kouhsoltani, Histo- pathological evaluation of caffeine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in effi cient treatment of cellulite. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 41, 1640–1646 (2015). (7) M. Chorilli, G. Calixto, T. C. Rimério, and M. V. Scarpa, Caffeine encapsulated in small unilamellar liposomes: Characerization and in vitro release profi le. J. Disper. Sci. Technol., 34, 1465–1470 (2013). (8) X. Liu, X. Liang, X. Fang, an d W. Zhang, Preparation and evaluation of novel octylmethoxycinnamate- loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 37, 446–453 (2015). (9) D. Kazemi, M. Salouti, K. Ros tamizadeh, and A. Zabihian, Development of gentamicin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: evaluation of drug release kinetic and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. IJPRI, 7, 1–6 (2014). (10) E. Korkmaz, E. H. Gokce, and O. Ozer, Development and evaluation of coenzyme Q10 loaded solid lipid nanoparticle hydrogel for enhanced dermal delivery. Acta Pharm., 63, 517–529 (2013). (11) S. Lankalapalli, V. S. V. K. Tenneti, and K. M. Nimmali, Design and development of vancomycin lipo- somes. Indian J. Pharm. Educ., 49, 208–215 (2015). (12) S. A. Abouelmagd, B. Sun, A. C. Chang, Y. J. Ku, and Y. Yeo, Release kinetics study of poorly water- soluble drugs from nanoparticles: Are we doing it right? Mol. Pharm., 12, 997–1003 (2015). (13) B. Balzus, M. Colombo, F. F. Sahle, G. Zoubari, S. Staufenbiel, and R. Bodmeier, Comparison of differ- ent in vitro release methods used to investigate nanocarriers intended for dermal application. Int. J. Pharm., 513, 247–254 (2016). (14) The United States Pharmacopeia 27 ed. The National Formulary: NF22, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, p. 2622–2625. (2003). (15) P. Khazaeli, A. Pardakhty, a nd H. Shoorabi, Caffeine-loaded niosomes: characterization and in vitro release studies. Drug Deliv., 14, 447–452 (2007). (16) M. Uner and E. F. Karaman, P reliminary studies on solid lipid microparticles of loratadine for the treat- ment of allergic reactions via the nasal route. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 12, 287–293 (2013). (17) C. H. Loo, M. Basri, R. Isma il, H-L. Lau, B. A. Tejo, H. A. Kanthimathi Hassan, and Y. M. Choo, Effect of compositions in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) on skin hydration and occlusion. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 8(1), 13–22 (2013). Table III The Release Kinetics Results of Caf-SLNs Zero order First order Higuchi Hixson–Crowell Korsmeyer–Peppas R 0.71 0.64 0.85 0.8584 0.97 R2 0.49 0.41 0.73 0.7369 0.95 m 5.95 0.05 27.38 0.3113 0.51 (n) k 5.95 0.11 27.38 1.414 58.76