JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 434 Table III Metal Concentration in Cosmetics (mg/kg) S/N Sample identity As Pb Hg Cd Ni Σ Metals 1 BJ 7 d ND 1.694 0.001 0.042 0.798 2.535 2 Tee Tee 3 d ND 2.873 ND 0.255 0.842 3.97 3 Aquasulf 0.016 2.607 ND 0.276 1.163 4.046 4 Skin Guard Aloe vera 0.012 2.827 ND 0.171 1.389 4.387 5 Acrec way ND 1.056 ND 0.069 2.745 3.87 6 Ceedym acne 0.002 1.774 ND ND 0.411 2.185 7 Authentic herbal cream 0.001 0.896 0.001 ND 0.872 1.769 8 Chioral restoration ND ND ND 0.334 ND 0.334 9 Magic herb ND 1.669 ND ND 1.323 2.992 10 Cyndy herb crystal 0.001 0.769 ND ND 0.596 1.365 11 New Jerusalem 0.001 1.437 ND 0.006 0.372 1.815 12 Dr Elechi omega 7 0.001 1.026 0 ND 2.492 3.518 13 Grace palm herbal balm ND 0.428 0.001 ND 1.673 2.102 14 Anti-wrinkles cream 0.002 2.116 ND 0.011 1.946 4.073 15 Hip up cream ND 1.367 ND 0.003 0.748 2.118 16 Hand D cream ND 0.695 ND 0.001 1.192 1.888 17 Heel balm 0.001 0.283 ND 0.005 0.348 0.636 18 Lip balm feel ND ND ND ND 0.94 0.94 19 Deep relief ND 1.422 ND ND 0.413 1.835 20 Candy anti-spot ND 0.647 0.001 ND 0.287 0.935 As: arsenic, Pb: lead, Hg: mercury, Cd: cadmium, Ni: nickel. Nickel in the cream samples ranged from 0.287 to 2.745 mg/kg in Candy anti spot and Acreway, respectively. Fifty-fi ve percent of the creams’ samples had concentrations less than 1.000 mg/kg and 40% had concentrations greater than 1.000 mg/kg, whereas only Chioral restoration had concentration less than the detectable limit. In all 20 cream samples, the total analyzed metal concentration ranged from 0.334 mg/ kg in Chioral restoration to 4.387 mg/kg in Skin guard aloe vera. Twenty percent of the cream samples had concentrations of analytes less than 1.000 mg/kg, whereas 80% had concentrations greater than 1.000 mg/kg (1.000–4.387 mg/kg). Table IV shows the CDE from heavy metals in the creams. The CDE to arsenic ranged from 4.22E-10 to 6.75E-09 mg/kg/d for adults and 4.14E-10 to 6.63E-09 mg/kg/d for children. The highest CDE to arsenic was from Aquasulf. The CDE to Pb from the cream ranged from 9.28E-09 to 9.42E-08 mg/kg/d and 9.12E- 09 to 9.26E-08 mg/kg/d for adults and children, respectively. The least CDE value due to Pb exposure was found in Heel balm, whereas the highest CDE value for Pb was found in Tee Tee 3 d. The CDE ranges for Hg, Cd, and Ni were 3.28E-11–0 mg/kg/d and 3.22E-12–0 mg/kg/d, 4.41E-11–4.69E-09 mg/kg/d and 1.38E-11–4.61E-09 mg/kg/d, and 4.03E-09–3.50E-08 mg/kg/d and 3.96E-09–3.44E-08 mg/kg/d for adults and children, respectively. The least CDEs from Cd and Ni were found in hand cream and candy anti spot, respectively, whereas the highest CDEswere found in Chioral restoration and Dr Elechi omega 7. Table V shows the noncarcinogenic risk, namely, target HQ (THQ) and hazard indices, respectively. The THQ ranged from As exposure was 2.53E-13–2.02E-12 and 2.49E- 13–1.99E-12 for adults and children, respectively.

Table IV Chronic Daily Intake of Metals in Cosmetics for Adults and Children (mg/kg/day) S/N Sample identity As Pb Hg Cd Ni ADL CHL ADL CHL ADL CHL ADL CHL ADL CHL 1 BJ 7 d ND ND 5.56E-08 5.46E-08 3.28E-11 3.22E-12 5.90E-10 5.80E-10 1.12E-08 1.10E-08 2 Tee Tee 3 d ND ND 9.42E-08 9.26E-08 ND ND 3.58E-09 3.52E-09 1.18E-08 1.16E-08 3 Aquasulf 6.75E-09 6.63E-09 8.55E-08 8.40E-08 ND ND 3.88E-09 3.81E-09 1.63E-08 1.61E-08 4 Skin Guard Aloe vera 5.06E-09 4.97E-09 9.27E-08 9.11E-08 ND ND 2.40E-09 2.36E-09 1.95E-08 1.92E-08 5 Acrec way ND ND 3.46E-08 3.40E-08 ND ND 9.70E-10 9.53E-10 3.86E-08 3.79E-08 6 Ceedym acne 8.43E-10 8.28E-10 5.82E-08 5.72E-08 ND ND ND ND 5.78E-09 5.68E-09 7 Authentic herbal cream 4.22E-10 4.14E-10 2.94E-08 2.89E-08 3.28E-11 3.22E-12 ND ND 1.23E-08 1.20E-08 8 Chioral restoration ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.69E-09 4.61E-09 ND ND 9 Magic herb ND ND 5.47E-08 5.38E-08 ND ND ND ND 1.86E-08 1.83E-08 10 Cyndy herb crystal 4.22E-10 4.14E-10 2.52E-08 2.48E-08 ND ND ND ND 8.38E-09 8.23E-09 11 New Jerusalem 4.22E-10 4.14E-10 4.71E-08 4.63E-08 ND ND 8.43E-11 8.28E-11 5.23E-09 5.14E-09 12 Dr Elechi omega 7 4.22E-10 4.14E-10 3.36E-08 3.31E-08 0 0 ND ND 3.50E-08 3.44E-08 13 Grace palm herbal balm ND ND 1.40E-08 1.38E-08 3.28E-11 3.22E-12 ND ND 2.35E-08 2.31E-08 14 Anti-wrinkles cream 8.43E-10 8.28E-10 6.94E-08 6.82E-08 ND ND 1.55E-10 1.52E-10 2.74E-08 2.69E-08 15 Hip up cream ND ND 4.48E-08 4.40E-08 ND ND 4.22E-11 4.14E-11 1.05E-08 1.03E-08 16 Hand D cream ND ND 2.28E-08 2.24E-08 ND ND 1.41E-11 1.38E-11 1.68E-08 1.65E-08 17 Heel balm 4.22E-10 4.14E-10 9.28E-09 9.12E-09 ND ND 7.03E-11 6.90E-11 4.89E-09 4.81E-09 18 Lip balm feel ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.32E-08 1.30E-08 19 Deep relief ND ND 4.66E-08 4.58E-08 ND ND ND ND 5.80E-09 5.70E-09 20 Candy anti-spot ND ND 2.12E-08 2.08E-08 3.28E-11 3.22E-12 ND ND 4.03E-09 3.96E-09 CHL: children (body weight = 15 kg), ADL: adults (body weight = 70 kg), As: arsenic, Pb: lead, Hg: mercury, Cd: cadmium, Ni: nickel. RISK ASSESSMENT OF METALS AND METALLOIDS IN COSMETIC IN NIGERIA 435