DATE PALM KERNEL EXTRACT ON FACIAL SKIN WRINKLES 287 cell turnover, resulting in grave disorganization of the dermal matrix (20). Accordingly, there is plenty of room to explain the essentials of mechanisms underlying the benefi ts of DPKE observed herein. We suggest that the anti–skin aging effect of DPKE is attributed, at least partially, to preservation of the dermal matrix through prevention of oxidative damage to cellular DNA. This assumption is based on data in the literature documenting the protective role of many antioxidants against the UV-induced oxidative damage to human skin (21). Likewise, researchers have found that date seed extract includes a myriad of polyphenols and tocopherols with robust antioxidant capabilities. Moreover, date kernel oil was reported to have higher oxidative stability than most vegetable oils, including olive oil (1). These observations have led to a series of studies to investigate the notable anti- oxidant and radical-scavenging properties of date kernel extract on human skin. Dammak et al. (22) have demonstrated that pretreatment with date seed oil signifi cantly amelio- rated the expression of p53 in human skin after exposure to UV irradiation by affording free-radical–scavenging properties. Date seed oil was also demonstrated to signifi cantly improve cell viability and reduce depletion of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxi- dase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation in cultured human melanocytes after hydrogen per- oxide exposure (23). The experiment was subsequently repeated on human keratinocytes with fi ndings analogous to those of the previous study (24). As both melanocytes and keratinocytes are implicated in the infl ammatory process of photoaging, we suggest that these fi ndings may explain some of the rejuvenative properties of DPKE. Previous studies have shown that date kernel extract contains a high fraction of hydroxy- tyrosol, one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. This compound has 10 times more antioxidants than green tea and two times more than coenzyme Q10 (25). The extraordi- nary scavenging activity of hydroxytyrosol has been demonstrated in several studies both in vivo and in vitro (26,27). In its chemical structure, this compound has an extra hydroxyl group in its benzene ring, granting it greater function as a free radical scavenger and in- creasing its effi cacy under stress conditions (25). In addition, hydroxytyrosol is an am- phipathic, water-soluble, and fat-soluble molecule which facilitates its penetration of cellular membranes and makes it a good transporter of substances across skin tissue (28). Studies have also shown that hydroxytyrosol has the ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes of arachidonic acid, reducing the oxidative corrosion characteristic of infl ammations, and stimulate the regeneration and repairing of damaged tissue (29). Alpha (α)-tocopherol, a type of vitamin E, is another component present in date kernel extract with signifi cant concentration (1) and is best known for its robust antioxidant function and good penetration into the human skin layers (30). α-tocopherol has been used in the treatment of burns, surgical scars, and variety of skin conditions (31). Topical formulations containing α-tocopherol have also been found to be effective in reducing infraorbital dark haloes and wrinkles of the lower eyelids (32), although in vitro studies revealed that α-tocopherol inhibits p53 expression in dermal tissues and protects against the UV irradiation of cultured fi broblasts (33). α-tocopherol is, therefore, one of the most shared ingredients in the over-the-counter treatments of skin aging. Phyt osterols and phytoestrogens are additional major phytochemicals found in the lipid soluble fraction of the DPKE. Phytoestrogens are a group of isofl avones that can bind both estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ (34), and they are considered to be naturally oc- curring selective estrogen receptor modulators and potential candidates to provide a nat- ural alternative of estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Studies have shown that these phytoestrogens have favorable effects on human skin as they can minimize
JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 288 UV-induced cell damage in cultured keratinocytes, improve skin elasticity, reduce pig- mentation and wrinkle depth, and increase the production of type 1 procollagen (35). Moreover, the isofl avone genistein has been reported to provide signifi cant protection against the UV-induced damage in human dermal fi broblasts by signifi cantly boosting the intracellular antioxidant armamentarium in a dose-dependent way (36). Taken to- gether, we suggest that the combination of various ingredients contained in DPKE might provide complementary mechanisms of modulating cellular pathways involved in the process of skin aging, and the effectiveness of these ingredients may be further potenti- ated by synergism of their individual components. FUNDIN G This research did not receive any specifi c grant from funding agencies in the public, com- mercial, or not-for-profi t sectors. REFERE NCES (1) I . A. Nehdi, H. M. Sbihi, C. P. Tan, U. Rashid, and S. I. Al-Resayes, Chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil from six Saudi Arabian cultivars, J. Food Sci., 83(3), 624–630 (2018) . (2) E. Bauza, C. Dal Farra, A. Berghi, G. Oberto, D. Peyronel, and N. Domloge, Date palm kernel extract exhibits antiaging properties and signifi cantly reduces skin wrinkles, Int. J. Tissue React., 24(4), 131– 136 (2002). (3) S. Meer, N. Akhtar, T. Mahmoud, and J. Igielska-Kalwat, Effi cacy of Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date Palm) creams on healthy skin, Cosmetics, 4, 13 (2017). (4) U. M. Thorkar and S. T. Hamde, Noninvasive measurement of skin biophysical parameters in normal, psoriasis, vitiligo affected skin. 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Con- trol (ICIC), Pune, India, May, 2015, 811–815. (5) M. P. Wakeman, An open-label forearm-controlled pilot study to assess the effect of a proprietary emol- lient formulation on objective parameters of skin function of eczema-prone individuals over 14 days, Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 10, 275–283 (2017). (6) S . F. Bish, M. Sharma, Y. Wang, N. J. Triesault, J. S. Reichenberg, J. X. Zhang, and J. W. Tunnell, Handheld Diffuse Refl ectance Spectral Imaging (DRSi) for in-vivo characterization of skin, Biomed. Opt. Express, 5(2), 573–586 (2014). (7) J . Laloš, M. Mrak, U. Pavlovčič, and M. Jezeršek, Handheld optical system for skin topography mea- surement using Fourier transform profi lometry, Stroj Vestn-J. Mech. Eng., 61(5), 285–291 (2015) . (8) C. Mes saraa, A. Metois, M. Walsh, S. Hurley, L. Doyle, A. Mansfi eld, C. O’Connor, and A. Mavon, Wrinkle and roughness measurement by the Antera 3D and its application for evaluation of cosmetic products. Skin Res. Technol., 24(3), 359–366 (2018). (9) S. Bjer regaard, C. Vermehren, I. Söderberg, and S. Frokjaer, Accelerated stability testing of a water-in- oil emulsion. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 22, 23–31 (2001). (10) J. M. L achapelle, A proposed relevance scoring system for positive allergic patch test reactions: practical implications and limitations, Contact Derm., 36, 39–43 (1997). (11) A. Tri v isonno, A. Rossi, M. Monti, D. Di Nunno, C. Desouches, C. Cannistra, and G. Toietta, Facial skin rejuvenation by autologous dermal microfat transfer in photoaged patients: clinical evaluation and skin surface digital profi lometry analysis. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 70(8), 1118–1128 (2017). (12) E. A. H olm, H. C. Wulf, L. Thomassen, and G. B. Jemec, Instrumental assessment of atopic eczema: validation of transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, erythema, scaling, and edema, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 55(5), 772–780 (2006). (13) K. De P aepe, E. Houben, R. Adam, F. Wiesemann, and V. Rogiers, Validation of the VapoMeter, a closed unventilated chamber system to assess transepidermal water loss vs. the open chamber Tewameter®. Skin Res. Technol., 11(1), 61–69 (2005). (14) A. M. A l malty, S. H. Hamed, F. M. Al-Dabbak, and A. E. Shallan, Short-term and long-term effects of electrical stimulation on skin properties. Physiother. Res. Int., 18(3), 157–166 (2013).
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