108 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE may be targets of antimicrobial agents, and there are just as many targets that may be modified by microorganisms to enable resistance to those ingredients (93). Overexposure to preservatives can decrease the effectiveness of these ingredients, in addition to possible contribution to increased antimicrobial resistance. These problems can be reduced by conscious use of these ingredients by the cosmetic industry, accompanied by correct consumer use recommendations. CONCLUSION Attitudes and perception of cosmetic preservatives has changed significantly changed in recent years. Traditional safe preservatives (e.g., parabens) have been replaced by other ingredients of questionable safety. The use of antimicrobial alternatives and the “preservative-free” claim have become popular in the cosmetics market, due in part to current consumer beliefs that a product containing preservatives may pose a higher risk than “unpreserved” or “self-preserved” options. Unexpectedly, the COVID-19 pandemic paralyzed the global market, and cosmetic industries had to adapt to a new reality. Due to the widespread use of cosmetic products, the prevalence of allergies, microbiological resistance, the need for proper prevention of product contamination, and concerns over the safety of preservatives, further investigations into the modes of action of traditional or alternative preservatives are needed to create successful safety products. REFERENCES (1) E. Gerstell, S. Marchessou, J. Schmidt, and E. Spagnuolo, How COVID-19 is changing the world of beauty [Internet]. McKinsey &Company. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 2]. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/ industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-world-of-beauty (2) R. Grabenhofer, Cosmetic trends and opportunities post-COVID-19 [Internet]. Cosmetics &Toiletries. 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/marketdata/ consumers/Cosmetic-Trends-and-Opportunities-Post-COVID-19-573961591.html (3) P. Mościcka, N. Chróst, R. Terlikowski, M. Przylipiak, K. Wołosik, and A. Przylipiak, Hygienic and cosmetic care habits in polish women during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 19(8), 1840– 1845 (2020). (4) A. Herman, Antimicrobial ingredients as preservative booster and components of self-preserving cosmetic products. Curr. Microbiol., 76(6), 744–54 (2019). (5) K. Ahuja and S. Singh, Cosmetic preservatives market size &share |statistics -2026 [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/cosmetics- preservative-market. Global Market Insights, Inc. (6) E. Neza and M. Centini, Microbiologically contaminated and over-preserved cosmetic products according rapex 2008–2014. Cosmetics. 3(1), 3 (2016). (7) A. D. P. M. Canavez, G. de Oliveira Prado Corrêa, V. L. B. Isaac, D. C. Schuck, and M. Lorencini, Integrated approaches to testing and assessment as a tool for the hazard assessment and risk characterization of cosmetic preservatives. J. Appl Toxicol., 41(10), 1687–1699 (2021). (8) D.C. Steinberg, Frequency of preservative use update through 2014 [Internet]. Cosmetics &Toiletries. 2016 [cited 2020 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/regulatory/region/ northamerica/Frequency-of-Preservative-Use-Update-Through-2014-367684531.html. (9) A. F. Fransway, P. J. Fransway, D. V. Belsito, E. M. Warshaw, D. Sasseville, J. F. J. Fowler, J. G. DeKoven, M. D. Pratt, H. I. Maibach, J. S. Taylor, J. G. Marks, C. G. T. Mathias, V. A. DeLeo, J M. Zirwas, K. A. Zug, A. R. Atwater, J. Silverberg, and M. J. Reeder, Parabens. Dermatitis, 30(1), 3–31 (2019).
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