COSMETIC THERAPY FOR THE ELDERLY 141 Socializing.' The make-over groups rated themselves as "feeling more like going out" (F = 16,256 1,35 d.f., p 0.001), feeling more socially confident (F = 12.1 1,35 d.f., p 0.1), and more "glad to see people" (F Feelings.' The treatment groups rated themselves appearance (F = 34.225 1,35 d.f., p 0.001). Self-Image.' The treatment groups rated themselves = 20.306 1.35 d.f., p 0.001). as feeling more confident in their higher on the dimensions "want to be seen by other people" (F = 15.006 1.35 d.f., p 0.001) and "feel happy to look at myself in the mirror" (F = 46.225 1,35 d.f., p 0.001). Outlook on Lij•: The treatment groups rated themselves as having a more positive outlook (F = 4.556 1.35 d.f., p 0.05). Attitude Toward Make-Overs.' The attitude of the treatment groups was more positive (F = 25.6 1,35 d.f., p 0.001). We also found long-term beneficial effects on self-perception. The treatment groups improved more than the control group (F = 1123.6 1,34 d.f., p 0.001). There were also positive effects on cosmetic care: cosmetic usage in the week following the make-over increased more for the make-over groups than for the control group (F = 9.0 1.33 d.f., p 0.001). This was also true for cosmetic usage in the week one month after the make-over (F = 1025.15 1,33 d.f., p 0.001). In regard to the second hypothesis, that the physically attractive and unattractive might differ in the benefits from make-overs, we found the following short-term differences: Appearance.' The low physical attractiveness (p.a.) groups improved significantly more than the high (F = 15.525 1,35 d.f., p 0.01) on the dimension "well healthy looking." Socializing.' The low p.a. groups improved more on "feel like going out" (F = 13.78 1,35 d.f., p 0.001) they also improved more on the dimensions "socially confident" (F = 6. 125 1,35 d.f., p 0.025) and "feel glad to see people" (F = 9.03 1,35 d.f., p 0.01). Feelings.' The low p.a. groups improved more on "optimistic" (F = 15. 125 1,35 d.f., p 0.001, and on "feel confident in my appearance" (F = 4.5 1,35 d.f., p 0.05). Appearance Self Image.' The low p.a. groups improved more than the high on the di- mension "want to be seen" (F = 13.78 1,35 d.f., p 0.001) and "feel happy to look at self in the mirror" (F = 6.125 1.35 d.f., p 0.025). Thus, on most of the short-term dimensions that were affected by make-over, the low attractiveness groups improved significantly more than the high attractiveness groups. In terms of long-term effects, the self perception of the low p.a. groups improved more than that of the high p.a. groups (F = 131.22 1,34 d.f., p 0.001). Also, the low p.a. groups increased their cosmetic usage more than the high, one month after the make-over (F = 81.28 1,33 d.f., p 0.001). In regard to the third hypothesis, that the type of make-over would influence the outcome, the important comparisons are between the passive make-over and make-over training groups. For the short-term effects only two comparisons were significant:

142 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Outlook on LijS: The improvement in outlook was greater for the training groups (F = 7.03 1,35 d.f., p 0.025). Attitude to Make-Overs.' The improvement in attitude was greater for the passive groups (F = 12.5 1,35 d.f., p 0.01). There were no differences between any of the groups for the two age questions. For the long-term effects there was no difference between the two make-over treatments for self perception (F = 1.375, 1,34 d.f.N.S.). For cosmetic care, however, the training group increased their cosmetic usage more than the passive group one week after and one month after the make-overs (F = 1212.78, 1,33 d.f., p 0.001 and F = 5.59, 1,33 d.f., p 0.025). Finally, the long-term interview questionnaire revealed that 100% of those who had received cosmetics were still using them on a regular and consistent basis one month after the make-over session. Only two out of the eight low p.a. subjects and five out of the eight high p.a. subjects reported that they had occasionally used their old make-up. Seven of the eight of each attractiveness group said they wished to continue using the make-up one from each group responded "maybe." The mean response for "how comfortable" they felt wearing the make-up was positive (5.94 on a 7-point scale). DISCUSSION The first hypothesis was confirmed. Make-over sessions do have beneficial effects on self-perceived psychological well being and subsequent cosmetic care. There are short- term benefits in terms of self-perceived appearance (physical attractiveness and looking well/healthy), socializing (feeling like going out, social confidence, and feeling glad to see people), feelings (confidence in appearance), self-image (wanting to be seen and feeling happy to look at self), outlook (on life), and attitude to make-over sessions. There were also long-term beneficial effects on self perception and on cosmetic care one week and one month after the make-over. The second hypothesis, that the physically attractive and unattractive elderly might differ in the benefits from make-overs, was also confirmed. The physically unattractive benefitted more. For eight of the eleven short-term dimensions affected by make-over treatment, the low p.a. group improved more than the high p.a. group this was in terms of appearance (looking well/healthy), socializing (feeling like going out, social confidence, and feeling glad to see people), feelings (optimism and confidence in ap- pearance) and self image (wanting to be seen and feeling happy to look at self). The long-term effects were that the unattractive benefitted more than the attractive in terms of self perception and their cosmetic care increased more one month after the make- over (although not after one week), perhaps suggesting that the unattractive elderly can benefit more the longer the time. With respect to the third hypothesis, the type of make-over does not appreciably influence the outcome. Regarding short-term scales, only two dimensions, "outlook" and "attitude," were affected and there was no long-term effect of type of make-over on self perception. However, cosmetic care increased more for the training group in the week following and one month after the make-over.