286 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE C5H3-, but due to the high bond order, this is unlikely. Indeed, an image taken at m/z 65D to map for the similar CsH 5- ion showed virtually zero ion count over the resin and hair. It can therefore be concluded that SIMS has the ability to detect adsorbed mac- romolecules on the surface of hair. CONCLUSIONS Results have shown how these three techniques can be combined to give significant information on the adsorption of polymer onto hair indeed this can be extended to the adsorption of most other adsorbates onto biological materials such as hair, nails, tissue, teeth, or skin. SIMS allowed direct surface analysis and was capable of detecting adsorbed polymers on the hair's surface. Although direct detection could only be obtained using SIMS, XPS has the ability to define the chemical environment or oxidation state of the elements at the surface of the hair. These surface elements may be part of the hair's biological matrix, surface contaminants, or adsorbate molecules at a particularly high concentration. The recent advancement of ESEM has allowed biological materials such as hair to be studied without the prerequisite of high vacuum, and therefore the behavior of hair can be observed under ambient and hydrated environments. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Jeremy Hooper, Dave Greenhill, and Martin Taylor of Imerys for useful discussions and assistance with experimental work and sample prepa- ration. REFERENCES (7) (8) (9) (10) (1) C. R. Robbins, Chemical and Physical Behaviour of Human Hair, 3rd ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1994). (2) R. E. Cameron, Environmental scanning electron microscopy in polymer science, TRIP, 2, 116-120 (1994). (3) J. R. Smith, Use of atomic force microscopy for high resolution non-invasive structural studies of human hair, J. Soc Cosmet. Chem., 48, 199-208 (1977). (4) J. R. Smith, A quantitative method for analysing AFM images of the outer surfaces of human hair, J. Microscopy, 191, 223-228 (1998). (5) P. HSssel, D. I. R. Sander, and W. Schrepp, Scanning force microscopy: Researchers describe how they use this technology to examine hair treated with cationic polymers, Cosmet. Toilerr., 111, 57-65 (1996). (6) S. D. O'Connor, K. L. Komisarek, and J. D. Baldeschwieler, Atomic force microscopy of human hair cuticles: A microscopic study of environmental effects on hair morphology, J. Invest. DermatoL 105, 96-99 (1995). R.L. Schmitt and E.D. Goddard, Investigation into the adsorption of cationic polymers, Cosmet. Toilerr., 109, 83-93 (1994). E.D. Goddard and R.L. Schmitt, Atomic force microscopy investigation into the adsorption of cationic polymers, Cosmet. Toilerr., 109, 55-61 (1994). P. Hallegot and P. Corcuff, High spatial resolution maps of sulphur from human hair sections: An EELS study, J. Microscopy, 172, 131-136 (1993). G. Gillen, S. Roberson, C. Ng, and M. Stranick, Elemental and molecular imaging of human hair using secondary ion mass spectrometry, Scanning, 21, 173-181 (1999).

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