AVAILABILITY AND COMPOSITION OF "KOHLS" 109 parison of these 53 samples with the kohl samples previously studied by us (1-3), it was found that 19 of them had been analyzed in these prior studies. It had been decided by us that if a kohl sample's name, origin, and container were all found to be identical to those of a sample already purchased (i.e., in this study) or already analyzed (i.e., in one of our previous publications), then we would assume that the samples had identical chemical compositions. However, as a check on this (i.e., consistency of composition with variation of locations of purchase), it was decided to analyze eight of the 19 samples already done by us in previous studies. Thus a total of 42 (34 plus 8) kohl samples were examined by the analytical techniques of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an attached energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microana- lyzer. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION (XRPD) For XRPD, the kohl samples were, where necessary, ground to a powder and then mounted in an aluminum holder. Diffraction data were collected using a Siemens D500 X-ray diffractometer operating with CuKa. radiation. A step scan, using a step size of 0.0256 degree and a time of 1 s/step, was done over a 2-theta range of 8-70 degrees for each of the samples. These data sets were then used to determine the major and minor components (phases) present in the samples by comparing the obtained data to the reference data in the 2000 JCPDS Qoint Committee for Powder Diffraction Standards) database. The major phase was usually defined to be that phase which had a presence estimated to be �90% any variation from this percentage is mentioned in the later Results section. The minor phases given in parentheses (in Tables I and II) are those estimated to be :::::::5% of the sample. Also, each group of minor phases are listed in these tables in decreasing order of their estimated percentage presence. Results for the 34 samples not seen before are given in Table I, and those for the eight samples re-analyzed (i.e., seen and analyzed by us before, but selected to be checked for consistency of composition for different locations of purchase) are given in Table II along with all relevant previous-study results. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) For SEM EDX, each sample was mounted on an aluminum stub using an adhesive carbon tab. It was then examined in a JEOL JSM 5 300 L V SEM with an attached Rontec EDX microanalyzer. This L V (low vacuum) SEM is designed so that the specimen chamber is differentially evacuated to low vacuum. The electric charge on the specimen is neutralized, thus allowing nonconductive specimens to be studied without coating. Elements lighter than carbon (i.e., Z ::::=::: 5) cannot be detected using this equipment. Detection was qualitative, and the element peaks that were only just above the back- ground are given in brackets in Tables I and II. RESULTS The results, including both chemical composition and availability, are given in Tables I and II. The kohl samples are listed in alphabetical order of their names (or translated

Table I ,....... Kohl Samples That Have Not Been Analyzed Previously ,....... 0 Data on Available XRPD Main XRPD Minor Data on medical Sample namea Texture Color in Made in phase phase(s)6 SEW contents? effects? "Al-Almeerah Kajal'· Greasy Black Dubaid Pakistan Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C,0 N N Sharjahe (Karachi) RAKr "Al Athmad" ("Cold")ll Powder Orange RAKr Saudi Arabia Hematite (Fe 2 0 3 ) Geothite (FeO(OH)) C, 0, Fe, Si (N) N N (Medina) Quartz (Si02) "---I "Al Haramen Ethmed" Powder Grey- Sharjahe Syria (Aleppof Galena (PbS) (Cerussite (PbC0 3 )) Pb, S, C, 0 y y 0 (shiny) black RAKF (Anglesite (PbS04)) "Alfa Libra Kailas Kajal" Greasy Black Sharjahe India (Bombay) Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C,O,(N,S) N N � RAK1 z "Al-Mumtaz"g Greasy Black Sharjahe Pakistan Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C, 0 (S) N N RAKf � "Budhia Surma" ("No. 7 Powder Grey- Sharjahe India (Bombay) Galena Camphor (C 10 H 16 0) Pb, S, C, 0 y N 0 Black Surma") (shiny) black (Anglesite) (Cerussite) n "Hamid Al-Misk" ("Original Powder Red- RAKr Saudi Arabia Geothite Hematite Quartz C, 0, Fe, Si (N) N N 0 Athmad with Zam Zem orange (/) watel")g � "Hasmi Kajal" (pencil) Greasy Black Sharjahe Pakistan Zincite (ZnO) Galena (Amorphous C, Zn, 0, Pb, S N N (Karachi) carbon) 1--1 "Hashmi® Kajal" (tube) Greasy Black Sharjahe Pakistan Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C,O (S) y N n (/) Ajman1 (Karachi) n UAQ1 trJ RAKr z "Joy Kajal" Greasy Black Sharjahe India (Bombay) Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C(O) N N n RAKf trJ "Khojati® Mumtaz® Greasy Black Dubaid India (Bombay) Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C,0 y N Deluxe Kajal. The Eye Sharjahe Definer." RAKr "Khojati® Surma No. 13® Powder Grey- Dubaik India (Bombay) Zincite (Camphor) (Amorphous Zn, 0, C, Fe (Si, S) N N (Export Quality)" black Sharjahe carbon) (Quartz) RAKf "Khojati® Toop Anjan®" Greasy Black Sharjahe India (Bombay) Amorphous carbon (Paraffin wax) C,O y y "Kohl Original Stone. With Powder Grey RAKr Saudi Arabia Galena Cerussite (Anglesite) C, Pb, S, 0 (N) N N Zam Zem waterh. Cold."g (shiny) "Nimco No. 96 Neem Ka Powder Grey- Dubaid India (Bombay) Talc (Mg 3 Si4 Dolomite (CaMg(C0 3 h) C, Si, Mg, 0, Ca, N y Tez Surma (Special)" black O H /OH) 2 ) Galena Pb, S (Zn, Cl)