SURVEY OF COSMETICS FOR SEVEN INORGANIC ELEMENTS 143 signifi cant (p 0.0001). A similar comparison of mean nickel values also showed the means for eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders to be signifi cantly different (p 0.0001). One eye shadow contained a value of cobalt (64 mg/kg) that was about 10 times higher than the other eye shadows and a value of nickel (1600 mg/kg) that was about 100 times higher. A qualitative x-ray fl uorescence scan of the tray holding the eye shadow did not fi nd cobalt and nickel, suggesting that the cosmetic itself was the source of the met- als. It was unclear whether this sample was contaminated, so another portion was ana- lyzed for cobalt and nickel, and the original results were reproduced. Both of the high values were identifi ed as outliers by the Grubbs test at a signifi cance of p = 0.05 and were rejected from the t-tests. Summary results are reported both with and without the high cobalt and nickel values for that eye shadow. The mean arsenic values are 0.2 mg/kg or less in lotions and shaving creams, and the mean values are signifi cantly higher in eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders than in all of the other products (t-test, p 0.0001). The arsenic results exhibit large differ- ences between median and mean values, with the median lower than the mean, indicating that only a few samples have relatively higher elemental content. The median values for lead in eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders were each 3 mg/kg or greater. Lipsticks and foundations had median values under 1 mg/kg, and the other products were less than 0.5 mg/kg. A few of the face paints had relatively higher lead content as underscored by the difference in median and mean. Signifi cantly higher lead values again were obtained from eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders com- pared to the other products, as verifi ed by a t-test (p 0.0001). Both cadmium and mercury were found near or below their respective LODs, except that one blush contained 1.2 mg/kg cadmium, approximately 10 times higher than in other blushes. This value was identifi ed as an outlier using the Grubbs test at a signifi cance of p = 0.05, and the tables report results with and without this value. FDA limits the level of mercury to less than 1 ppm (1 mg/kg) in most cosmetics and none of the products examined exceeded that limit. The amounts we found for each element are generally in the same order of magnitude as results reported by other researchers. Most of the studies to which we compared our data either analyzed the total sample by a solid technique, such as neutron activation analysis, or used a total dissolution technique similar to ours, incorporating hydrofl uoric acid. Some studies, however, noted that fi ltering was required after digestion, indicating that some solid material was not completely dissolved. It is possible, in those instances, that some pre- cipitated metal fl uorides were not analyzed, which would have produced low values. Our signifi cantly higher values for arsenic, cobalt, lead, and nickel in eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders, when compared with other cosmetic types, were found in products with high solid fi ller (such as clay or talc) and pigment content, suggesting that the contaminants may originate in the mineral components. CONCLUSIONS We report total amounts of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury, and nickel in 150 cosmetic products of 12 types sold on the U.S. market. The data from our broad survey of cosmetics marketed in the United States are consistent with data from

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 144 other reports of more limited scope and from various other western markets. We found that cosmetics with solid fi ller content, such as eye shadows, blushes, and compact powders, contained relatively more elemental contaminants than the other cosmetic types, suggesting that the contaminants originate from minerals that are used as solid fillers as well as pigments in these products. The information in this study will help FDA and others make appropriate decisions regarding elemental contaminants in cosmetics. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the assistance of Patrick Garcia and all the laboratory analysts at Frontier Global Sciences, Inc. REFERENCES (1) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ToxFAQs: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, and Nickel, accessed September 16, 2013, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofi les/index.asp (2) Code of Federal Regulations (2012) Title 21 (U.S. Government Printing Offi ce, Washington, DC), Parts 73, 74, and 82 and Section 700.13. (3) A. F. M. Y. Haider, R. S. Lubna, and K. M. Abedin, Elemental analyses and determination of lead con- tent in kohl (stone) by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Appl. Spectros., 66, 420–425 (2012). (4) O. Al-Dayel, J. Hefne, T. Al-Ajyan, and A. Al-Drahim, Determination of heavy metals in eyeliner, kohl samples, Asian J. Chem., 23, 3408–3412 (2011). (5) R. M. Al-Ashban, M. Aslam, and A. H. Shah, Kohl (surma): A toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia, Public Health, 118, 292–298 (2004). (6) N. M. Hepp, W. R. Mindak, and J. Cheng, Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method, J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 405–414 (2009). (7) N. M. Hepp, Determination of total lead in 400 lipsticks on the U.S. market using a validated micro- wave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method, J. Cosmet. Sci., 63, 159–176 (2012). (8) P. Atkins, H. Lang, W. Driscoll, and L. Ernyei, Analysis of lipstick for toxic elements using ICP-MS, 2011 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Atlanta, Georgia, March 13–18, 2011 (poster presentation). (9) P. Piccinini, M. Piecha, and S. F. Torrent, European survey on the content of lead in lip products, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 76, 225–233 (2013). (10) I. Al-Saleh and S. Al-Enazi, Trace metals in lipsticks, Tox. Environ. Chem., 93, 1149–1165 (2011). (11) F. L. Melquiades, C. R. Appoloni, A. S. G. Lonni, D. D. Ferreira, and F. Lopes, Determination of inor- ganic elements in sunscreen by using energy dispersive x-ray fl uorescence, Latin Am. J. Pharm., 29, 1000–1003 (2010). (12) G. A. Zachariadis and E. Sahanidou, Multi-element method for determination of trace elements in sunscreens by ICP-AES, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 50, 342–348 (2009). (13) N. Maleki, A. Safavi, and M. M. Doroodmand, Solid reagents for hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of inorganic arsenic species in environmental water and cosmetic products, Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 54, 1285–1295 (2009). (14) C. Zemba, C. Romaguera, and J. Vilaplana, Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in an eye pencil, Contact Dermatitis, 27, 116 (1992). (15) I. Al-Saleh, S. Al-Enazi, and N. Shinwari, Assessment of lead in cosmetic products, Reg. Tox. Pharm., 54, 105–113 (2009). (16) N. M. Najafi , A. M. Bagheri, E. Ghasemi, and R. Alizadeh, Chemical analysis of some cosmetics, detergent and pharmaceutical minerals used in traditional medicine of Iran, Asian J. Chem., 23, 199–202 (2011).