DETERMINATION OF SUNSCREEN AGENTS BY HPLC AND CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS 179 On the other hand, samples with the same total amount of UV fi lters can be seen in the same groups. CONCLUSION A RP-HPLC method was develo ped to determine nine UV-fi lter agents commonly used in Iran. The method was simple, practical, reliable, and sensitive due to validation parameters. Iranian sun care products were compared with those of other countries, and with FDA and European standards. The method seems to be an appropriate one that can be used in laboratories to determine and evaluate organic sunscreen materials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work w as a student the sis and supported by a grant from Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 94-04-144-30515. REFERENCES (1) B. Diffey, Ultraviolet radiation physics and the skin. Phys. Med. Biol., 25(3), 405–426 (1980). (2) T. Yoshikawa, V. Rae, W . Bruins-Slot, J.-W. Van den Berg, J. R. Taylor, and J. W. Streilein, Susceptibility to effects of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans, J. Invest. Dermatol., 95(5), 530–536 (1990). (3) N. Serpone, D. Dondi, a nd A. Albini, Inorganic and organic UV fi lters: their role and effi cacy in sun- screens and suncare products, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 360(3), 794–802 (2007). (4) H. A. Benson, Assessme n t and clinical implications of absorption of sunscreens across skin, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 1(4), 217–224 (2000). (5) S. H. Dromgoole and H. I. Maibach, Sunscreening agent intolerance: contact and photocontact sensiti- zation and contact urticaria, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 22(6), 1068–1078 (1990). (6) S. Schauder and H. Ipp e n, Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens, Contact Dermatitis, 37(5), 221–232 (1997). (7) K. M. Hanson, E. Gratt o n, and C. J. Bardeen, Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 41(8), 1205–1212 (2006). (8) R. E. Dodson, M. Nishi o ka, L. J. Standley, L. J. Perovich, J. G. Brody, and R. A. Rudel, Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products, Environ. Health Perspect., 120(7), 935–943 (2012). (9) I. Hamann, C. Schmutzl e r, P. Kirschmeyer, H. Jarry, and J. Köhrle, 4-Methylbenzylidene-camphor (4MBC) causes pituitary effects comparable to hypothyroidism, Endocr Abstr, 11, OC60 (2006). (10) S. O. Mueller, M. Kling , P. Arifi n Firzani, A. Mecky, E. Duranti, J. Shields-Botella, R. Delansorne, T. Broschard, and P. J. Kramer, Activation of estrogen receptor α and ERβ by 4-methylbenzylidene- camphor in human and rat cells: comparison with phyto-and xenoestrogens, Toxicol. Lett., 142(1), 89–101 (2003). (11) V. Vanquerp, C. Rodriguez, C. Coiffard, L. J. Coiffard, and Y. De Roeck-Holtzhauer, High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the comparison of the photostability of fi ve sunscreen agents, J. Chromatogr. A., 832(1), 273–277 (1999). (12) A. Chisvert, M. Pascual-Ma r tı, and A. Salvador, Determination of the UV fi lters worldwide authorised in sunscreens by high-performance liquid chromatography: use of cyclodextrins as mobile phase modi- fi er, J. Chromatogr. A., 921(2), 207–215 (2001). (13) A. Chisvert and A. Salvador , Determination of water-soluble UV-fi lters in sunscreen sprays by liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A., 977(2), 277–280 (2002). (14) D. Schakel, D. Kalsbeek, an d K. Boer, Determination of sixteen UV fi lters in suncare formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A., 1049(1), 127–130 (2004).

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 180 (15) C. Smyrniotakis and H. A. A r chontaki, Development and validation of a non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of four chemical UV fi lters in suncare formulations, J. Chromatogr. A., 1031(1), 319–324 (2004). (16) A. Salvador and A. Chisvert , An environmentally friendly (“green”) reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for UV fi lters determination in cosmetics, Anal. Chim. Acta, 537(1), 15–24 (2005). (17) E. Kedor-Hackmann, M. De Lourdes Pérez González, A. Singh, and M. Santoro, Validation of a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of fi ve sunscreens in lotion preparation, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 28(3), 219–224 (2006). ( 18) M. Nyeborg, M. Pissavini, Y. Lemasson, and O. Doucet, Validation of HPLC method for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of 12 UV-fi lters in cosmetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 32(1), 47–53 (2010). (1 9 ) M. Wharton, M. Geary, N. O’Connor, and B. Murphy, A rapid High Performance Liquid Chromato- graphic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of seven UV fi lters found in sunscreen and cosmetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 33(2), 164–170 (2011). (20 ) K. Ikeda, S. Suzuki, and Y. Watanabe, Determination of sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by gas chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A., 513, 321–326 (1990). (21 ) M. O. Masse, C. Delporte, and E. Bervelt, Identifi cation de fi ltres solaires dérivés de l’acide para- aminobenzoique par spectroscopie RMN et par CPG/SM, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 23(5), 259–279 (2001). (22) M. O. Masse, M. Herpol-Borremans, R. Grimee Et, and S. Gleviczky, Filtres solaires dérivés de l’acide paraaminobenzoïque identifi cation et dosage des N-propoxyl paraaminobenzoates d’ethyl dans les crèmes solaires, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 4(6), 235–246 (1982). (23) G. Paulus, G as-liquid chromatographic characterization of sunscreens in suntan preparations, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 55(1), 47–50 (1972). (24) K. Ro, J. C h oi, M. Lee, and J. Kirn, Determination of salicylate-and benzophenone-type sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A., 688(1), 375–382 (1994). (25) M. Haunschmid t , W. Buchberger, C. W. Klampfl , and R. Hertsens, Identifi cation and semi-quantitative analysis of parabens and UV fi lters in cosmetic products by direct-analysis-in-real-time mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, Anal. Methods, 3(1), 99–104 (2011). (26) N. Chang, M. Yoo, and S. Lee, Determination of fourteen sunscreen agents in cosmetics using high- performance liquid chromatography, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 37(2), 175–180 (2015). (27) L. Peruchi and S. Rath, Development and application of a HPLC method for eight sunscreen agents in suncare products, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 34(3), 226–233 (2012). (28) A. Chisvert, M . -C. Pascual-Martí, and A. Salvador, Determination of UV-fi lters in sunscreens by HPLC, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 369(7–8), 638–641 (2001).