ALKALOIDS IN COSMETICS 241 the Petri dishes. The solidifi ed plates at room temperature were inoculated with a 5-mm mycelium disk, and the mycelium dry weight was determined after 10 d of incubation. S. rolfsii and S. cepivorum were more sensitive to spilanthol, with a mycelial growth inhibi- tion of 100 and 94%. A lower sensitivity was detected with Verticillium sp. and Fusarium sp. even at the higher concentration of spilanthol assayed (70). ANATABINE IN COSMETICS Anatabine (3-[(2S)-1,2, 3 ,6-tetrahydropyridin-2 - yl] pyridine) belongs to the group of pyridine alkaloids (Figure 6.). It occurs most frequently in the nightshade plants (Solan- ceae), as well as in annual paprika (Capsicum annuum L.), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (71). Because of the presence of other toxic alkaloids, e.g., nicotine, obtaining anatabine from plants is problematic. This compound is fi rst extracted with ethanol, water, steam, or carbo n diox- ide. Then, the extract is purifi ed by means of analytical techniques, e.g., liquid chroma- tography. Anatabine is alkaline in aqueous solutions, whi ch is why it is used in the production of cosmetics to neutralize the pH of the cosmetic mass. In the cosmetic indus- try, products with anatabine are most often used for the production of emulsions, creams, gels, pastes, and lotions (72,73). Anatabine has been shown to have anti-infl amma t ory effects in in vivo and in vitro studies. Studies conducted in mice, which received anatabine in dose 2 mg/kg BW, IP show that this substance reduces the level of pro-infl ammatory amyloid β (from about 4,300 pg/mL in control group to about 3,000 pg/mL in group receiving 2 mg/kg anatabine) in blood plasma (74) and inhibits the production of pro-infl ammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in tissues and blood (75). The quoted numbers are obtained by extrapolat- ing from graphs in the quoted article. The anti-infl ammatory and immunity-enhancing effects of anatabine can be used in the production of cosmetics designed to complement Figure 6. Chemical structure of anatabine (67).

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