JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 206 Following a 1-week application, TEWL decreased signifi cantly in sites of application of both products compared with the control site (p-value 0.049 and 0.03 for commercial and com- pounded product, respectively) (Figure 1B). Four hours after single application, signifi cant decrease occurred in the site of application of commercial moisturizer compared with the control site. This reduction was also signifi cant compared with the site of application of com- pounded urea-based preparation (9.42 ± 2.01 vs. 10.18 ± 1.65 g/m2.h, p-value = 0.04). No signifi cant differences were detected in TEWL between two products in other time points. One and 4 h after sin gle application, skin surface lipid content was signifi cantly higher at the site of application of both products than at the untreated area (Table II). No difference was detected in skin serum lipid content between commercial and compounding product in any time point. We also did not fi nd any signifi cant differences in other skin parameters measured (in- cluding skin pH and friction coeffi cient) between the two products in this cohort using urea 5% (Table II). COHORT 2 (10% UREA) I n the second group, the improvement in skin water content was also signifi cant compared with the site of application the cream-based formulation and no-treatment area, in all time Figure 1. Skin hydration (A) and TEWL (B) for commercial and compounded moisturizers containing urea 5%, after 1, 4, and 24 h as well as 1-week application (*signifi cant compared with cream-based formulation and untreated site, p 0.05) (#signifi cant compared with compounded product p 0.05).

Table II Skin Biophysical Parameters for Commercial and Compounded Moisturizers Containing Urea 5% and Control Sites, after 1, 4, and 24 h as well as 1-Week Application Urea 5% Test site Before 1 h 4 h 24 h 1 week Sebum (μg/cm)2 Commercial 1.6 ± 0.54 4.46 ± 0.93 5.93 ± 1.71 3.53 ± 0.88 3.53 ± 0.70 Compounded 0.8 ± 0.61 7.06 ± 1.24 7.53 ± 2.08 2.66 ± 0.75 2.93 ± 0.79 Cream base 1.85 ± 1.01 6.93 ± 3.14 3.46 ± 0.87 2.66 ± 0.87 2.13 ± 1.08 Untreated 1.44 ± 0.95 1.12 ± 0.13 1.61 ± 0.55 1.84 ± 0.552 1.4 ± 0.64 p (compounded vs. commercial) 0.378 0.481 0.556 0.400 0.61 Friction Commercial 178.39 ± 75.54 449.78 ± 54.038 362.05 ± 172.02 288.76 ± 112.44 437.85 ± 206.33 Compounded 194.83 ± 94.04 408.63 ± 215.93 407.3 ± 219.27 358.66 ± 160.12 400.66 ± 243.40 Cream base 295.88 ± 173.01 387.30 ± 164.08 293.40 ± 86.68 310.33 ± 187.45 211.42 ± 35.90 Untreated 209.96 ± 186.21 177.63 ± 90.71 191.99 ± 116.636 245.02 ± 185.54 258.07 ± 135.66 p (compounded vs. commercial) 0.58 0.69 0. 15 0.369 0.244 pH Commercial 5.22 ± 0.31 6.32 ± 0.25 6.15 ± 0.23 6.38 ± 0.38 6.26 ± 0.45 Compounded 5.99 ± 0.51 6.27 ± 0.36 5.97 ± 0.45 6.12 ± 0.31 6 ± 0.31 Cream base 5.39 ± 0.56 5.65 ± 0.42 5.11 ± 0.40 5.26 ± 0.59 5.55 ± 0.50 Untreated 5.70 ± 0.42 5.61 ± 0.34 5.57 ± 0.27 5.63 ± 0.41 5.74 ± 0.33 p (compounded vs. commercial) 0.61 0.67 0.52 0.111 0.332 EFFECT OF A UREA-BASED COMPOUNDED MOISTURIZER 207