136 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS emphasizing the importance he attached to his work. A make-over took 25 to 45 minutes depending on individual needs. Some subjects asked more questions, some were reluctant to undergo a full treatment, some were very curious, etc. A few objected to eye-area cosmetics and wanted less applied. The training sessions took a little longer because instructions were given along with a set of cosmetics for use at home. CONTROL TASK The control task was relatively simple, centering on the colors of cosmetics. Subjects were asked to select meaningful categories, viz, lipsticks, eye make-up, nail polish. Then, within each category they sorted the colors they liked and disliked into separate piles, noting how many fell in each. The time allowed for the task was similar to that for the make-overs. PHOTOGRAPHS Standardized photographs were taken immediately before and after the make-over (or control tasks), to provide a record of the changes. The "before" photographs were the subjects' usual appearance with whatever facial make-up, hair adornments, jewelry, etc. they wore day to day. RATING SCALES Short-term assessment A set of 25 seven-point scales was devised. Scales were formulated in the conventional manner: most of the 7-point scales were of the bipolar opposite type, e.g. "rate how you think you look right now: presentable/not presentable, drab/glamorous" and a few were of the unipolar type, e.g. "rate how motivated you are, if at all, to care for your general appearance--from 'not at all motivated' through to 'extremely motivated'." The scales were derived from spontaneous responses elicited in pilot sessions and our other previous research in this field which highlighted some dimensions likely to be relevant to cosmetic manipulation. This approach was thought appropriate since this is exploratory research in a new field in which the variables likely to be influenced by cosmetics are in the process of being discovered. Some traditional type social psycho- logical scales were also used. We also ensured that all traditional categories of social behavior were represented. Additionally, the subjects estimated how old they felt, and how old they thought they looked before and after the make-over. The scales are listed in Table I. The same scales were presented both before and after the treatment (or control) session, but in a different order according to the standard cross-over design. Since the time between was short, the ordering of scales was changed to help diminish memory effects as well as to discourage formation of a mental "set." Subjects were given written instructions for completing the scales, were shown exam- pies, and were told that each rating was to be an immediate response. We assured them of confidentiality and emphasized that honest answers were very important to the success of the project.

COSMETIC THERAPY FOR THE ELDERLY 137 Table I Mean "Difference" Scores,* F Ratios, and Levels of Significance for Dimensions of Self-Perception Make-over Training Passive Make-over Short-term Self-perception Low High Low High Control Dimensions p.a. a p.a. p.a. p.a. Group F P APPEARANCE Presentable/Not Presentable 1.0 0.25 1.88 1.0 - 0.12 1.43 N.S. b Natural/Artificial 0.38 - 0.50 0.25 - 1.37 0.13 1.31 N.S. Glamorous/Drab 2.13 1.75 2.13 1.0 0.50 2.25 N.S. Phys. Attractive/ Phys. Unattractive 2.13 2.0 1.88 1.25 0.13 2.65 0.05 Well, Healthy/ Not Well, Not Healthy 1.25 0.13 2.13 0.50 -0.25 3.46 0.025 Age Look. (No. of Years Younger) 11.0 5.25 5.0 0.63 -0.37 1.96 N.S. SOCIALIZING Socially Secure/ Socially Insecure 0.75 0.13 1.0 0.50 - 0.75 1.81 N.S. Feel Like Going Out/ Don't Feel Like Going Out 1.88 1.0 2.88 1.13 0.03 2.88 0.05 Confident/Shy, Reticent 1.75 0.63 1.63 1.0 - 0.12 3.29 0.025 Would Be Glad to See People/Prefer Not See People 2.13 0.38 1.0 0.63 - 0.75 3.03 0.05 ATTITUDE TO SELF Like Myself/Don't Like Myself 1.0 1.13 1.63 0.50 - 0.02 2.01 N.S. Strong Sense of Own Worth/Weak Sense of Own Worth 0.13 0.63 0.63 0.38 0.38 0.15 N.S. FEELINGS Pleased/Not Pleased 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.13 - 0.12 1.58 N.S. Interesting/Dull 1.63 1.5 1.5 1.38 0 1.89 N.S. Full of Energy/Tired 1.63 1.25 2.25 0.38 0.50 2.36 N.S. Optimistic/ Pessimistic 1.63 0.75 1.63 -0.25 0.38 2.96 0.05 Confident in My Appearance/Not Confident in My Appearance 1.88 1.25 1.75 0.88 - 0.87 3.14 0.05 Relaxed/Tense 1.88 1.50 1.33 0.63 0.50 0.94 N.S. Age: Feel (Yrs. Younger) 10.50 5.50 5.63 4.63 - 1.25 1.62 N.S. HOPES FOR THE FUTURE Positive/Negative 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.50 0.88 0.60 N.S. APPEARANCE SELF IMAGE Want to Be Seen/ Don't Want to Be Seen 1.75 0.63 2.63 1.13 0.0 2.81 0.05 Happy to Look at Self in Mirror/ Prefer Not to Look at Self 2.0 1.25 2.50 1.50 -0.87 6.48 0.001