A NEW STRATEGY TO MODULATE ALOPECIA 57 REFERENCES (1) M. R. Schneide, R. Schmidt-Ullrich, and R. Paus, The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan, Curr. Biol., 19, R132–142 (2009). (2) B. A. Bernard, La biologie du follicule pileux, J. Soc. Biol., 199, 343–348 (2005). (3) K. Elliott, T. J. Stephenson, and A. G. Messenger, Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: Implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses, J. Invest. Dermatol., 113, 873–877 (1999). (4) B. A. Bernard, La vie révélée du follicule de cheveu humain, Medecine/Sciences, 22,138–143 (2006). (5) R. P. Feinstein, Androgenic alopecia, emedecine.medscape.com, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1070167- overview (2010) accessed March 3 (2011). (6) J. Thomas, Androgenetic alopecia: Current status, Indian J. Dermatol., 50, 179–190 (2005). (7) F. M. Camacho-Martínez, Hair loss in women, Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg., 28, 19–32 (2009). (8) E. S. Schweiger, O. Boychenko, and R. M. Bernstein, Update on the pathogenesis, genetics and medical treatment of patterned hair loss, J. Drug. Dermatol., 9, 1412–1419 (2010). (9) T. Hibino and T. Nishiyama, Role of TGF-beta2 in the human hair cycle, J. Dermatol., 35, 9–18 (2004). (10) A. G. Li, S. L. Lu, G. Han, K. E. Hoot, and X. J. Wang, Role of TGF-beta in skin infl ammation and carcinogenesis, Mol. Carcinog., 45, 389–396 (2006). (11) S. Huh, J. Lee, E. Jung, S. C. Kim, J. I. Kang, J. Lee, Y. W. Kim, Y. K. Sung, H. K. Kang, and D. Park, A cell-based system for screening hair growth-promoting agents, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 301, 381–385 (2009). (12) S. Inui, Y. Fukuzato, T. Nakajima, K. Yoshikawa, and S. Itami, Androgen-inducible TGF-beta1 from balding dermal papilla cells inhibits epithelial cell growth: A clue to understand paradoxical effects of androgen on human hair growth, FASEB J., 16, 1967–1969 (2002). (13) M. Yamao, M. Inamatsu, Y. Ogawa, H. Toki, T. Okada, K. E. Toyoshima, and K. Yoshizato, Contact between dermal papilla cells and dermal sheath cells enhances the ability of DPCs to induce hair growth, J. Invest. Dermatol., 130, 2707–2718 (2010). (14) J. Gao, M. C. De Rouen, C. H. Chen, M. Nguyen, N. T. Nguyen, H. Ido, K. Harada, K. Sekiguchi, B. A. Morgan, J. H. Miner, A. E. Oro, and M. P. Marinkovich, Laminin-511 is an epithelial message promoting dermal papilla development and function during early hair morphogenesis, Genes Dev., 22, 2111–2124 (2008). (15) S. Joubeh, O. Mori, K. Owaribe, and T. Hashimoto, Immunofl uorescence analysis of the basement membrane zone components in human anagen hair follicles, Exp. Dermatol., 12, 365–370 (2003). (16) M. El-Domyati, S. Attia, F. Saleh, and H. Abdel-Wahab, Androgenetic alopecia in males: A histo- pathological and ultrastructural study, J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 8, 83–91 (2009). (17) R. M. Trüeb, Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia, Exp. Gerontol., 37, 981–990 (2002). (18) Y. F. Mahé, B. Buan, N. Billoni, G. Loussouarn, J. F. Michelet, B. Gautier, and B. A. Bernard, Pro- infl ammatory cytokine cascade in human plucked hair, Skin Pharmacol., 9, 366–375 (1996). (19) Y. F. Mahé, J. F. Michelet, N. Billoni, F. Jarrousse, B. Buan, S. Commo, D. Saint-Léger, and B. A. Bernard, Androgenetic alopecia and microinfl ammation, Int. J. Dermatol., 39, 576–584 (2000). (20) N. L. Booth, C. E. Piersen, S. Banuvar, S. E. Geller, L. P. Shulman, and N. R. Farnsworth, Clinical stud- ies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: A literature review, Menopause, 13, 251–264 (2006). (21) L. Pickart and M. M. Thaler, Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver, Nature New Biol., 243, 85–87 (1973). (22) L. Pickart, The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 19(8), 969–988 (2008). (23) O. S. Kwon, J. H. Han, H. G. Yoo, J. H. Chung, K. H. Cho, H. C. Eun, and K. H. Kim, Human hair growth enhancement in vitro by green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Phytomedicine, 14, 551–555 (2007). (24) R. A. Hiipakka, H. Z. Zhang, W. Dai, Q. Dai, and S. Liao, Structure-activity relationships for inhibi- tion of human 5alpha-reductases by polyphenols, Biochem. Pharmacol. 63(6), 1165–1176 (2002). (25) Y. H. Chuang, D. Dean, J. Allen, R. Dawber R, and F. Wojnarowska, Comparison between the expres- sion of basement membrane zone antigens of human interfollicular epidermis and anagen hair follicle using indirect immunofl uorescence, Br. J. Dermatol., 149, 274–281 (2003).

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 58 (26) L. Kolbe, A. M. Kligman, V. Schreiner, and T. Stoudemayer, Corticosteroid-induced atrophy and barrier impairment measured by non-invasive methods in human skin, Skin Res. Technol., 7, 73–77 (2001). (27) P. Hirsso, U. Rajala, L. Hiltunen, J. Jokelainen, S. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, and S. Nayha, Obesity and low-grade infl ammation among young Finnish men with early-onset alopecia, Dermatology, 214, 125–129 (2007). (28) R. Hoffmann, TrichoScan: Combining epiluminescence microscopy with digital image analysis for the measurement of hair growth in vivo, Eur. J. Dermatol., 11, 362–368 (2001). (29) R. Hoffmann, TrichoScan: A novel tool for the analysis of hair growth in vivo, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 8, 109–115 (2003). (30) R. A. Hiipakka, H. Z. Zhang, W. Dai, Q. Dai, and S. Liao, Structure-activity relationships for inhibi- tion of human 5alpha-reductases by polyphenols, Biochem. Pharmacol., 63, 1165–1176 (2002). (31) E. A. Olsen, M. Hordinsky, D. Whiting, D. Stough, S. Hobbs, M. L. Ellis, T. Wilson, and R. S. Rittmaster (Dutasteride Alopecia Research Team), The importance of dual 5alpha-reductase inhibition in the treatment of male pattern hair loss: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled study of dutaste- ride versus fi nasteride, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 55, 1014–1023 (2006). (32) D. Van Neste, V. Fuh, P. Sanchez-Pedreno, E. Lopez-Bran, H. Wolff, D. Whiting, J. Roberts, D. Kopera, J. J. Stene, S. Calvieri, A. Tosti, E. Prens, M. Guarrera, P. Kanojia, W. He, and K. D. Kaufman, Finasteride increases anagen hair in men with androgenetic alopecia, Br. J. Dermatol., 143, 804–810 (2000). (33) S. Keene and A. Goren, Therapeutic hotline: Genetic variations in the androgen receptor gene and fi nasteride response in women with androgenetic alopecia mediated by epigenetics, Dermatol. Ther., 24, 296–300 (2011). (34) A. G. Messenger, K. Elliott, A. Temple, and V. A. Randall, Expression of basement membrane proteins and interstitial collagens in dermal papillae of human hair follicles, J. Invest. Dermatol., 96, 93–97 (1991). (35) M. Aumailley and P. Rousselle, Laminins of the dermo-epidermal junction, Matrix Biol., 18, 19–28 (1999). (36) J. Li, J. Tzu, Y. Chen, Y. P. Zhang, N. T. Nguyen, J. Gao, M. Bradley, D. R. Keene, A. E. Oro, J. H. Miner, and M. P. Marinkovich, Laminin-10 is crucial for hair morphogenesis, EMBO J., 22, 2400–2410 (2003). (37) H. Imanishi, D. Tsuruta, C. Tateishi, K. Sugawara, R. Paus, T. Tsuji, M. Ishii, K. Ikeda, H. Kunimoto, K. Nakajima, J. C. Jones, and H. Kobayashi, Laminin-511, inducer of hair growth, is down-regulated and its suppressor in hair growth, laminin-332 up-regulated in chemotherapy-induced alopecia, J. Dermatol. Sci., 58, 43–54 (2010). (38) C. Margadant, R. A. Charafeddine, and A. Sonnenberg, Unique and redundant functions of integrins in the epidermis, FASEB J., 24, 4133–4152 (2010). (39) H. J. Chung and J. Uitto, Type VII collagen: The anchoring fi bril protein at fault in dystrophic epider- molysis bullosa, Dermatol. Clin., 28, 93–105 (2010).