JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 64 Topically applied vehicles. Squalene is also used as a material or additive in topically applied vehicles such as lipid emulsions and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is a novel type of lipid nanoparticle with a solid particle matrix possessing structural specialties and improvements, such as increased loading capacity, long-term physical and chemical sta- bility, triggered release, and potentially supersaturated topical formulations (6). In many instances, it would be advantageous if the rate of penetration of medicaments through the epidermis could be increased. This would help in bringing about a more rapid and pro- found action of the locally applied compounds. If penetration (transfollicular, transepi- dermal, and into the horny layer) could be increased, many new compounds could be introduced into different therapies (27). CONCLUSIONS Because of the biological activity of squalene, which is widely used in cosmetics and phar- maceuticals, further tests are necessary for the verifi cation of its use in preparations for skin. Since squalene is a part of our skin’s natural ingredient, it has a moisturizing effect on the skin. The ingredient not only provides hydration but also helps reduce the appear- ance of wrinkles and fi ne lines by fi lling the skin with water. The VC substitute based on squalene brings the novel role in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The results of the studies on psoriasis are promising and possibly further clinical studies enable a wide application of squalene. There are no confi rmed clinical studies for atopic dermatitis by using VC substitute, which seems to be taken. Bacterial and fungal protection was improved by squalene in atopic dermatitis, seborrhea, and acne. Also a combined role of squalene as an antioxidant, natural emollient, and skin hydration agent can be used to improve skin physiology problems. Squalene is also used as a material or additive in topically applied vehicles that may improve rapid and profound action of the locally applied compounds. Further studies on alternative sources are needed to explore the utility of squalene for treating skin, the high-quality amaranth oil seems to be the key of it. Several implica- tions can be drawn from this review. Squalene shows several advantages for skin tissues. The present success of squalene shows the promise of further clinical trials for skin uses. REFERENCES (1) B. Das and S. Baruchel, The Science Behind Squalene: The Human Antioxidant, 2nd Ed. (Toronto Medical Publishing, Canada, 2005), pp. 11–12. (2) P. Jame, H. Casabianca, M. Batteau, P. Goetinck, and V. Salomon, Differentiation of the origin of squalene and squalane using stable isotopes ratio analysis, SOFW J., 136(1/2), 2–8 (2010). (3) H. P. He and H. Corke, Oil and squalene in Amaranthus grain and leaf, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 7913–7920 (2003). (4) L. L. Gershbein and E. J. Singh, Hydrocarbons of dogfi sh and cod liver and herring oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 46, 554–557 (1969). (5) K. Januszewska-Józ ´wiak and J. Synowiecki, Characteristic and suitability of the amaranth components in food biotechnology, Biotechnologia, 3(82), 89–102 (2008) (in Polish). (6) Z.-R. Huang, Y.-K. Lin, J.-Y. Fang, Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: Potential uses in cosmetic dermatology, Molecules, 14, 540–554 (2009). (7) H. Du Preez, Squalene—Antioxidant of the future? Nat. Med., 33, 106–112 (2007/2008). (8) The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2012.2, accessed December 29, 2011, http://www.iucnredlist.org

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