WATEB AND THE SKIN 9,09 (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (4O) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) Jacobi, O., Water and water vapor absorption of the stratum corncure of the living hutnan skin, J. Appl. Ph•tsiol., 12, 403 (1958). Spier, H. W., and Pascher, G., Dic WasserlSslichen Bestandteil der peripheren Hornschicht (Hautoberfl5che) Allgemeines, Stickstoffhaltige Substanzen, Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol., 199, 411 (1955). Spier, H. W., and Pascher, G., Freie aminosSuren an der hautoberflache, Ibid., 200, 59 (1955). Spier, H. W., and Pascher, (3., Die Wasserlbslichen Bestandteil der peripheren Homschicht (Hautober•iche) Stickstoffreie S[iuren und Basen, 1bid., 201, 181 (1955). Pascher, G., Die WasserlSslichen Bestandteile der peripheren Hornschicht (Hauto- berfl•iche) a-pyrrolidoncarbons•ture, Ibid., 203, 234 (1956). Pascher, G., and Spier, H. W., Die Wasserlbslichen Bestandteile der peripheren Hornschicht (Hautoberflache}: die Ursache der Thermolabilitiit des Oberttachen-pH, Ibid., 203, 239 (1956). Pascher, G., yon Steinvuck, G., and Spier, H. W., Die WasserlSslichen Bestandteile der peripheren Hornschicht (Hautoberfi•iche) zur inhomogenen Verteilung von a- Amino Stickstoff, Milchs•iure, Chlorid, Kalium (und Natrium) im Stratum Disjune- turn, 1bid., 204, 140 (1957). Szakall, A., Ober die Eigenschaften, Herkunft und physiologischen Funktionen der die H-Ionenkonzentration bestimmenden Wirkstoffe in der verhornten Epidermis, 1bid., 201, 331 (1955). Szakall, A., Physiologische Prinzipien bet der Entwicklung wirksamer PrSparate zur Gesunderhaltung der Haut, unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Verhiitung von Beruflichen HautschSden, Arzneim.-Forsch., 7, 408 (1957). Blank, I. H., and Shappirio, E. B., Water content of the stratum corneton. III. Effect of previous contact with aqueous solutions of soaps and detergents, ]. lnvesL Dermatol., 25, 391 (1955). Middleton, J. D., The mechanism of water binding in stratmn comeurn, Brit. 1. Dermatol., 80, 437 (1968). Park, A. C., and Baddiel, C. B., Rh½ology of stratum eorneum II. A physico-chemi- ca1 investigation of factors influencing the water content of the corneum, 1. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 23, 13 (1972). Flesch, P, Chemical basis of emollient function in horny layers, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Ass., 40, 12 (1963). Jelenko, C., Purification of the water-holding lipid of intact skin and burn eschar, Amer. Surg., 35, 864 (1969). Laden, K., and Morrow, R., Torsional measurements on skin, 1. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 21, 417 (1970). Laden, K., and Spitzer, R., Identification of a natural moisturizing agent in skin, Ibid., 18, 351 (1967). Kligman, A.M., in Montagna, W., and Lobitz, W. C., Jr., The Epidermis, Academic Press, New York, 1964. Scheuplein, R. J., Analysis of permeability data for the case of parallel diffusion pathways, Biophys. 1., 6, 1 (1966). Scheuplein, R. J., and Morgan, L. J., "Bound-water" in keratin membranes mea- sured by a microbalance technique, Nature, 214, 456 (1967). Grice, K. A., and Bettley, F. R., Skin water loss and accidental hypothermia in psoriasis, ichthyosis and erythroderma, Brit. Med. 1., IV, No. 5573, 195 (1967). Parmley, T. H., and Seeds, A. E., Fetal skin permeability to isotopic water in early pregnancy, Amer. ]. Obstet. Gynecol., 108, ]28 (1970). Scheuplein, R. J., Molecular structure and diffusional processes across intact epider- mis, Final Comprehensive Rep. No. 7, Springfield, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1966. Wang, J. H., Self-diffusion and structure of liquid water. I. Measurements of self- diffusion of liquid water with deuterium as a chaser, 1. Amer. Che•n. Soc., 73, 510 (1951).

g10 JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (57) (5s) (59) (6•) (61) (6.2) ½3) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) Spruit, D., The water-barrier of stripped and normal skin, De•matologica, 141, 54 (1970). Jelenko, C., and Ginsburg, J. M., Water-holding lipid and water transmission through homeothermic and poikilothermic skins, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 136, 1059 (1971). King, G., Sorption of large molecules by keratin, Trans. Faradapt Soc., 43, 552 (1947). Eettley, F. R., The Epidermal Barrier and Percutaneous Absorption, in Champion, R. H., Gillman, T., Book, A. J., and Sims, R. T., Introduction to Biologg of Skin, Blackwell, London, 1970. Bettley, F. R., and Grice, K. A., A method for measuring the transepidermal water loss, and a means of inactivating sweat glands, Brit. J. Dermatol., 77, 627 (1965). Pinson, E. A., Evaporation from human skin with sweat glands inactivated, Amer. J. Physiol., 137, 492 (1942). Downcs, A.M., Sweeney, T. M., and Matoltsy, A. G., Studies of the epidermal water barrier. I. An improved in vitro method for determining the diffusion of water through the skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 49, 230 (1967). (64) Felshcr, Z., and Bothman, S., The insensible perspiration of the skin, Ibid., 6, 271 (1945). (65) Swanbeck, G., A new treatment of ichthyosis and other hyperkeratotic conditions, Acta Dermato-Venereol., 48, 123 (1968). (66) Steinberg, T. H., Levan, P., and •Vright, E. T., The hydrating ett'ect of pregnenol:me acetate on the human skin, Curr. Ther. Res., 3, 469 (1961). (67) Grant, J. K., The metabolism of steroids by man, Brit. J. Dermatol., 81, Suppl 2, 18 (1969). (68) Dempski, B. E., DeMarco, J. D., and Marcus, A.D., An {n vitro study of the rela- tive moisture occlusive properties of several topical vehicles anrl Saran wrap, J. Invest. Dermato[, 44, 361 (1965). (69) Shelmire, J. B., Factors determining the skin-drug-vehicle relationship, Arch. Dermatol., 82, 9.4 (1960). (70) Spruit, D., lnter{erence o{ some substances with water vapor loss of human skin, Amer. Perrum. Cosmet., 86, 27 (1971). (71) Memschel, H, Zur kolloidchemie und pharmakologie der keratinsu• stanzen der menschlichen haut, Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 110, I (1925). (72) Buettner, K., Diffusion of water and water vapor through human skin, ]. AppL Phqsiol., 6, 229 (1953). (73) Tregear, R. T., Physical Functions o[ Skin, Academic Press, London, 1966. (74) Crank, J., The Mathematics o[ Di]•usion, Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1957. (75) Grice, K., Sattar, H., and Baker, H., The effect of ambient humidity on transepider- mal water loss, J. Invest. Dermatol, 58, 343 (1972). (76) Mole, R. It., The relative humidity of the skim J. Ph.•siol, 107, 399 (I948). (77) Goodman, A. B., and Wolf, A. V., Insensible water loss from human skin as a func- tion of ambient vapour concentration, J. Appl. Phgsiol., 26, 203 (1969). (78) Scheuplein, B. J., Mechanism of percutaneous absorption. II. Transient diffusion and the relative importance of various routes of skin penetration, ]. Invest. Dermatol., 48, 79 (1967). (79) Blank, I. H., Scheuplein, R. J., and Mac Farlane, D. J., Mechanism o{ percutaneous absorption. III. The effect of temperature on the transport of non-electro]ytes across the skin. Ibid., 49, 582 (1967). Spier, H. W., and Pascher, G., Zur analytischen und {unktionellen physiologie der hautobcrt]Sche, Hautat&t, 7, •5 (1956). Stripe], H., and Szakall, A., Die Wirkung yon Waschmi•teIn au• die Haut, Hiithig, Heidelberg, 1957. Jacobi, O.K., About the mechanism of moisture regulation in the horny layer of the skin, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Ass., 31, 22 (1959). Bo]liger, A., and Gross, R., Non-keratins of avian and mammalian skin flakes, Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 32, 747 (1954). Laden, K., A comparative chemical study of dandruff flakes, skin scrapings and cal- lus, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 16, 491 (1965).