WATER AND THE SKIN gll (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (9o) (91) (92) (93) (94) (95) (96) (97) (98) (99) (lOO) (lOl) 002) (lO3) (104) (105) (lO6) (lO7) (lO8) (109) (11o) (111) Spier, H. W., and Schwarz, E., Chemie der Hornschieht in Proc. XlI Int. Congr. Dermato!., Excerpta Med. Found., 1,389 (1962). Laden, K., and Spitzer, R., Identification of a natural moisturizing agent in skin, ]. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 18, 351 (1967). Jacobi, O.K., Nature of cosmetic films on the skin, Ibid., 18, 149 (1967). Sweeney, T. M., and Downing, D. T., The role of lipids in the epidermal barrier to water diffusion, I. Invest. Dermatol., 55, 135 (1970). Sprott, W. E., Surfactants and percutaneous absorption, Trans. St. Iohn's Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. (London,), 51, 186 (1965). Bulgin, J. J., and Vinson, L. J., The use of differential thermal analysis to study the bound water in stratum comeurn membranes, Blochim. Biophys. Acta, 136, 551 (1967). Crounse, R. G., Epidermal keratin: A reeva]uation, Nature, 200, 539 (1963). Rothman, S., Phtisiologt] and Biochemistrt] of the Skin, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954, p. 239. Matoltsy, A. G., The envelope of epidermal horny cells, Congr. Inst. Dermatol, 13, 1014 (1967). Sloughton, B. B., and Bothman, S., in The Human Integument, Publ. No. 54, AAAS, Washington, D.C., 1959. Monash, S., and Blank, H., Location and re-formation of the epithelial barrier to water vapor, AMA Arch. DermatoI., 78, 710 (1958). Szakall, A., Hautphysiologie Forschung und gesunderhaltung der Haut, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm., 53, 399 (1951). Singer, E. J., Wegmann, P. C., Lehman, M.D., Christensen, M. S., and Vinson, L. G., Barrier development, ultrastructm'e, and sulfhydryl content of the fetal epidermis, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 22, 119 (1971). Loveday, D. E., An in vitro method for studying percutaneous absorption, Ibid., 12, 224 (1961). Bettley, F. R., and Donoghue, E., Effect of soap on the diffusion of water through isolated human epidermis, Nature, 185, 17 (1960). Treherne, J. E., The permeability of skin to some non-electrolytes, J. Physiol., 133, 171 (1956). Matoltsy, A. G., Sehrogger, A., and Matoltsy, M. N., Observations on regeneration of the skin barrier, J. Invest. Dermatol., 38, 251 (1962). Spruit, D., and Malten, K. E., The regeneration rate of the water vapor loss of heav- ily damaged skin, Dermatologica, 132, 115 (1966). Monash, S., Location of the superficial barrier to skin penetration, J. Invest. Derma- tol., 29, 367 (1957). Blank, I. H., and Scheuplein, R. J., Transport into and within the skin, Brit. I. Der- matol., 81, Suppl. 4, 4 (1969). Burch, G. E., and DePasquale, N. P., Hot Climates, Man and his Heart, Thomas, Springfield, II1., 1962. Kligman, A.M., The use of sebum, Brit. I. Dermatol., 75, 307 (1963). Tregear, R. T., The Permeability of the Skin to Molecules of Widely Differing Prop- erties, in Rook, A., and Champion, R. H., Progress in the Biological Sciences in Re- lation to DermatologtL 2, University Press, Cambridge, 1964. Middleton, J. D., The mechanism of action of surfactants on the water-binding prop- erties of isolated stratum comeurn, I. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 20, 399 (1969). Blank, I. H., Gould, E., and Theobald, A. B., Penetration of cationic surfactants into skin, I. Invest. Dermatol., 42, 363 (1964). Allenby,. A. C., Fletcher, J., Schock, C., and Tees, T. F. S., The effect of heat, pH and organic solvents on the electrical impedance and permeability of excised human skin, Brit. J. Dermatol., 81, Supp[. 4, 31 (1969). Mustakallio, K. K., Kiistala, V., Piha, H. J., and Nieminen, E., Lipids extracted by DMSO from full thickness sheets of epidermis, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 19, Suppl. 95, 50 (1967).

212 JOURNAL OF TIlE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CIIEMISTS (i]•.) (tl3) (114) (115) (116) (117) Dugard, P. II., and Embery, G., The influence of dimethyl sulfoxide on the percu- taneous migration of potassium butyl (•"S) sulphate, potassium methyl (:•"S) sulfate, Brit. ]. Dermatol., 81, Sul pl. 4, 69 (1969). Ramruler, D. H., and Zaffaroni, A., Biological implications of DMSO based on a re- view of its chemical properties. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 141, 13 (1967). Sweeney, T. M., Downes, A.M., and Matoltsy, A. G., The effect of dimethyl sulL oxide on the epidermal water barrier, I. Invest. Dermatol., 46, 300 (1966). Bettley, F. R., The influence of detergents on epidermal permeability, Brit. J. Derms- tol., 77, 98 (1965). Bettley, F. R., Influence of soap on the permeability of the epidermis, Ibid., 73, 448 (1961). BertIcy, F. R., Irritant effect of soap in relation to epidermal permeability, Ibid., 75, 113 (1963).