JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 344 matrix is 1021 to 1022 atoms cm−3, whereas the RSF for 63 Cu+ in a silicon matrix is an order of magnitude lower, 1022 to 1023 atoms cm−3 (22). In this high copper image, the 63 Cu+ signal is observed in the medulla and in isolated spots in the cortex. It is also detected in the cuticle and in a distinct diffusion gradient into the cortex. The diffusion profi le ob- served in the cortex is likely due to the technique used to dose the fi ber. Thus at this stage we can only offer a tentative identifi cation of copper concentrating in the cuticle, in the same way as clearly shown for calcium. CONCLUSIONS The NanoSIMS has proved to be an excellent tool for mapping, with a resolution of up to 50 nm, the location of calcium in both untreated and colored hair. We have demonstrated that the additional uptake of the calcium in colored hair is to a signifi cant extent concen- trated in the cuticle. The technique has also clearly demonstrated the co-location of the calcium with sulfur-rich regions of the cuticle, specifi cally the A-layer and exocuticle. REFERENCES (1) C. Robbins, Infra red analysis of oxidised keratins, Textile Res. J., 37, 811 (1967). (2) R. E. Noble, Uptake of calcium and magnesium by human scalp hair from waters of different geo- graphical environments, Sci. Total Environ., 239, 1-3, 189–193 (1999). (3) J. Jachowicz, Hair damage and attempts to its repair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 38, 236–286 (1987). (4) J. M. Marsh, J. Flood, D. Domaschko, and N. Ramji, Hair coloring systems delivering color with re- duced fi ber damage, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 58, 495–503 (2007). (5) G. R. Bhat, E. Lukenbach, and R. R. Kennedy, The green hair problem: A preliminary investigation, J. Soc. Cosmet. Sci., 30, 1–8 (1979). (6) K. V. Curry and S. Golding, Hair lipids. I. Extraction of fatty materials from hair clippings, J. Soc. Cos- met. Chem., 22, 681–691 (1971). (7) G. Chittleborough, A chemist’s view of the analysis of human hair for trace metals, Sci. Total Environ., 14(1), 53–75 (1980). (8) M. Villian, V. Cirimele, and P. Kintz, Hair analysis in toxicology, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 42(11), 1265–1272 (2004). (9) J. Bacso, L. Sarkadi, and E. Koltay, On endogenous and exogenous calcium content of hair samples used in XRF and PIXE measurements, Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes., 33, 5–11 (1982). (10) I. M. Kempson and W. M. Skinner, Advanced analysis of metal distributions in human hair, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3423–3428 (2006). (11) J. N. Audinot, S. Schneider, M. Yegles, P. Hallegot, R. Weneg, and H. N. Migeon, Imaging of arsenic traces in human hair by nano-SIMS 50, Appl. Surf. Sci., 231–232, 490–496 (2004). (12) I. M. Kempson, W. M. Skinner, and P. K. Kirkbride, Calcium distributions in human hair by ToF- SIMS, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1, 1624 (2003). (13) C. Merigoux, F. Briki, F. Sarrot-Reynauld, M. Salome, B. Fayard, J. Susini, and J. Doucet, Evidence for various calcium sites in human hair shaft revealed by sub-micrometer X-ray fl uorescence, Biochim. Bio- phys. Acta, 1619, 53–58 (2003). (14) A. Benninghoven, F. G. Rüdenauer, and H. W. Werner, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, and Trends (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987). (15) J. C. Vickerman, A. Brown, and N. M. Reed, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989). (16) P. Hallegot and P. Corcuff, High spatial resolution maps of sulfur from human hair sections an EELS study, J. Microsc., 172, 2, 131–136 (1993). (17) C. Collin, B. Gautier, O. Gaillard, P. Hallegot, S. Chabane, P. Bastien, M. Peyron, M. Bouleau, S. Thi- baut, F. Pruche, A. Duranton, and B. A. Bernard, Protective effects of taurine on human hair follicle grown in vitro, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 28, 289–298 (2006).

Cu AND Ca UPTAKE IN COLORED HAIR 345 (18) P. J. Heard, K. A. Feeney, G. C. Allen, and P. R. Shewry, Determination of the elemental composition of mature wheat grain using a modifi ed secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS), Plant J., 30, 237–245 (2002). (19) J. A. Swift and B. Bews, Chemistry of human hair cuticle. II. Isolation and amino acid analysis of the cell membrance complex and A-layer, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 5, 355–366 (1974). (20) E. O. P. Thompson and I. J. T. O’Donnell, Studies on oxidized wool, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 12, 490–499 (1959). (21) L. J. Wolfram, K. Hall, and I. Hui, The mechanism of hair bleaching, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 21, 873–900 (1970). (22) R. G. Wilson, SIMS quantifi cation in Si, GaAs, and diamond—An update, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 143, 43–49 (1995).