JOHN H. DRAIZE, MAN AND SCIENTIST 121 or suspected to be toxic to livestock on the ranges. There was, and still is, heavy loss to stockmen from the death of range animals which feed on certain wild plants. Work on these projects led to publication of papers on "Poisonous Vetches, .... Arrow Grass" and "Death Comas," as well as some general bulletins about plants poisonous to animals. Another disease of animals is known as alkali disease. The acute form of the disease is known as "Blind Staggers" from the behavior of affected animals. The disease is due to consumption of plants grown in areas where the concentration of selenium in the soil is high, specifically in the areas in which outcrops of cretaceous shales occur. The publications by Doctors Draize and O. A. Beath on the pathology of this disease are the authoritative works on the subject. The investigations led to some experiences well outside the ivory tower in which scientists are so often pictured. No pharmacologist could be happy, or successful, without autopsy ma- terial. The University did not provide him with any of it. They did, however, equip the department with a deer rifle and a road map. With this equipment Dr. Draize set out for a ranch at Woods Landing to collect his first specimens. The rancher and the pharmacologist engaged in a dialogue something like this: Rancher: "Son, you aren't from these parts, are you ?" Pharm.: "No sir, I've just come from Wisconsin." Rancher: "Wisconsin, eh? Well now, that's east of Omaha, ain't it?" Pharm.: "Yes, it sure is." Rancher: "Heck, Son, then you're just an Eastern Dude. We'll have to give you a hand! Now, the way you do it is this, you draw an imaginary line from the bottom of one ear to the opposite eye of the critter. Then you do the same thing from the other side. Where those lines cross, you let him have it !" So, our new Doctor of Philosophy drew his lines, then drew his bead and let them have it. Autopsy material was available. One investigation involved emergency treatments. The investigators found that if the animals could be aroused from their lethargic condition, they could frequently be saved. The treatment devised was that of in- jecting a solution of strychnine and picrotoxin. On one occasion, Dr. Draize, with a chemist assistant, set out to treat a large but seriously ill prize bull. When the treatment took effect, the bull leaped to his feet, and promptly charged the chemist. The chemist escaped with his life but not his dignity. Dr. Draize chose to remain a pharmacologist, possibly because he concluded that chemists are more likely to be chased around than are pharmacologists. In 1935 the Draize family left Wyoming for Maryland, where Dr.

122 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Draize had accepted a position as toxicologist at Edgewood Arsenal. He studied the effect of chemical warfare agents on skin and mucous membrane. These investigations remain unpublished. This assignment was the beginning of his specialization in the study of dermal toxicity. He entered the Food and Drug Administration in 1939, and was appointed Chief of the Skin Toxicity Branch in 1947. During the war he con- ducted a number of studies involving products of interest to the Armed Forces. His present duties include development of techniques for derreal and mucous membrane studies, as well as the testing of samples and compounds that are involved in the regulatory work of the Administration. While his duties are by no means confined to testing of cosmetics, he had contributed greatly to the progress of the cosmetic industry. There are few procedures, if indeed there are any, for determining derreal toxic- ity that Dr. Draize and his co-workers have not either developed or refined. His methods and techniques are used daily by workers in many countries. A complete list of publications by Dr. Draize forms the appendix to my remarks. The work represented by these publications covers a broad field indeed. These papers summarize the reasons for the high regard that scientists in the complex field of pharmacology have for Dr. Draize and his group. Dr. Draize is a member of the following professional societies: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a member of the honorary professional societies Sigma Xi and Phi Sigma. I have given a few important dates in the life of our Medalist. The account would not be complete without a few more. In 1939, a second son, James John, was born. He is now attending the University of Mary- land. A most important year was 1956, for then the Draizes became grand- parents. They now have two grandchildren. In concluding these remarks, let me say that the Soctv. T¾ can take pride in the excellent choice made by the Medal Award Committee. I am sure that Dr. Draize will treasure the Medal to be awarded to- night. I am also certain that each of us will take satisfaction in the reali- zation that in honoring Dr. Draize we can claim honor to the since such a man accepts our Medal. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS (1) J. H. Draize and A. L. Tatum, "Experimental Thyrotoxicos," ztrch Int. Pharmacol. Therap., 4:3, 237 (1932).