230 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS cal laboratory will utilize a great deal of expensive equipment. On the other hand, much of titis sort of equipment is necessary in order to consider special features of chemical behaviour, such as, for example, are involved in deterioration on storage. In this connection, vapour phase chromatography is most important as well as optical equipment, such as the Spekker photo- meter, ultra-violet and infra-red spectrometry, which really come within the compass of a physical-chemical laboratory. Thus, these instruments are not in the analytical department. ": ',i". •" .:,,, ' ':- --' :-• ' . •. i"-..'¾ •: • . - : '5 .2 ....... - ...... ß .... ,, . : : •- ... .. .... . .. .. --.... . ..: , -:-" i•.•.½..-:.'. • .... ' .... •: .• •-' - .. : -..%. ....•-- •:, ... •., ,..:, ., ½ . .•, '•, . ,. , ":'--'7:•*h ' 7-I,•.,•- :• "*-"-...•:•'•:.. •- ' • .... • •.... ,•,•. ..• ?½ .'-• -,• ,•. •.. . .,. • ,'•.:•:• ,• .':• • ,• • •.•:r .... .• ½4• -..•-.*".•.. • .... •.:" • •: ........ ..... ... '.' ::...½. :•. ...... - Z?'.'*-'"'-'zr•'*• .,• ., •.•. . .., •- ,: -: . .: •½. '.• Fig. 7. General Stores. It will be noted that the analytical work is more of the classical type but making use of micro-determinations so far as is possible and convenient. For general purposes, the analytical department takes care of the analyses which would normally be carried out by the actual formulation chemists. This centralization tends to give a more efficient utilization of space and labour although, sometimes, it may mean a little dehy in getting the answer. On the other hand, work involving isotopes, which could again be

PLANNING AND EQUIPPING OF A COSMETIC LABORATORY 231 looked on as being analytical and also physical-chemical, is included in the biochemical department. The biochemist is h ained in radio-active techniques and so far as the work of this laboratory is concerned, the technique has been applied as yet only to biochemical problems. In biochemical work, of course, paper chromatography is one of the most important tools and the biochemists are available to carry out such work for other departments if there should be the need. The physiological and bacteriological departments are essentially de- pendent on microscopes. The department is also furnished with a complete microscope with photographic attachments and apochrornatic objectives which is normally only used by either the physiologist or the expert photo- micrographer, whose job it is to take ordinary photographs as well. On the other hand, certain apparatus, as, for example, the refractometer, the polari- meter and the spectrograph, etc., are housed, naturally, in the optical room and are available to such workers as rnay find the need to use them. Finally, mention should be made of the pilot or semi-scale plant which is housed on the ground floor away from the laboratory. This was done partly because of shortage of space but mainly because even small plant can produce vibrations which can affect delicate instruments in the laboratory. The room is 24 x 48 ft. and is fitted with all supplies, steaJn, hot and cold water, electricity, gas, pressure and vacuum. The plant includes various types of mixers, the maximurn capacity being of the order of 5 gallons. The mixers are designed so that fittings can be changed in order to investigate other modes of producing the final cosmetical product. It includes roller mills, special heavy mixers, a miniature type of votator, and hand-filling machines so that the products can be filled for storage and also testing by consumer panels. A fully equipped workshop is at hand to carry out alterations, any running repairs and also to act as a service centre for the various installations in the laboratory. It will be appreciated that in spite of the variety of disciplines which have to be catered for in dealing with cosmetical products and, indeed, the careful investigations that have to go oa in order properly to mix the ingredients of a formulation, it is reasonable to suggest that the layout of the laboratories gives pleasure to the scientific staff and, at the same time, fulfils the require- ment of high efficiency in the working. [Received: 7th April 19601