342 (11) JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY Ol: COSMETIC CHEMISTS a. Whitman, R., Proc. $ci. Sect., Toilet Goods ?lssoc., No. 18, 27 (1952). b. Reed, R. E., Den Beste, M., and Humoiler, F. L., •. $oc. Cosmetic Chemists, 1, 109 (1947). c. Stoves, J. l,., Mfg. Chemist, 22, 387 (1951). (12) Stein, H. H., and Guarnaccio, J., ?lnal. Chim. atcta, in press. (13) Jones, C. B., and Mecham, D. K., ?lrch. Biochem., 3, 193 (1943). (14) Brown, A. E., U.S. Patent No. 2,717,228 (1955). (15) Heilingotter, R., Parfumerie u. Kosmetik, 31, 190 (1950) ?lm. Perfumer and Essent. Oil Rev., 66, 17 (1955). (16) Sanford, D., and Humoiler, F. L., ?lnal. Chem., 19, 404 (1947). (17) Brown, A. E., U.S. Patent No. 2,688,972 (1954). 18) Eau de Colognefabriek, J. C. Boldoot N.V., Dutch Patent No. 75,320 (1954). THE MAINTENANCE OF SKIN IN VITRO AS AN ORGAN SYSTEM* By ANGELICA FINDLE¾ and RONALD GILLETTE, PH.D.t Presented February 3, 1960, New York Chapter IN ou}t STUDIES on the homotransplantation of tissues a technique was devised to maintain full-thickness skin in tissue culture as an intact organ. Recent investigations (1, 2, 3) have indicated that treatment of tissues in vitro prior to grafting procedures, may defer the typical course of homograft rejection. In most tissue culture problems the object is to implant small pieces of tissue in vitro and to study the reactions of indi- vidual living cells. In such systems, the central portion of the tissue ex- plant become necrotic, generally in three to five days, and studies are done on the proliferating cellular outgrowth. Many of these migrating cells differentiate into embryonic forms. However, in order to explore the possibilities of adapting skin in vitro, a technique was needed which would provide for the maintenance of pieces of adult skin of adequate size for subsequent grafting and for the preservation of its structural integrity for a period of time long enough to permit experimentation. The problems encountered in any long term maintenance of intact tissue in vitro are too numerous to detail here. According to Paul in his recent text "Cell and Tissue Culture" (4), the name organ culture is a misnomer since it usually refers to the maintenance of small pieces of organs in vitro or to the growth of intact embryonic organs. Perfusion techniques em- ployed to maintain adult organs, e.g., heart and kidney, for short term experiments depend largely upon direct anastomoses of the apparatus with the vascular system of the organs and are therefore not applicable to skin. * The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Grant No. 4554 from the U.S. Public Health Service. t The New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, The Dept. of Surgery (Plastic), New York 21, N.Y.

342 (11) JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY Ol: COSMETIC CHEMISTS a. Whitman, R., Proc. $ci. Sect., Toilet Goods ?lssoc., No. 18, 27 (1952). b. Reed, R. E., Den Beste, M., and Humoiler, F. L., •. $oc. Cosmetic Chemists, 1, 109 (1947). c. Stoves, J. l,., Mfg. Chemist, 22, 387 (1951). (12) Stein, H. H., and Guarnaccio, J., ?lnal. Chim. atcta, in press. (13) Jones, C. B., and Mecham, D. K., ?lrch. Biochem., 3, 193 (1943). (14) Brown, A. E., U.S. Patent No. 2,717,228 (1955). (15) Heilingotter, R., Parfumerie u. Kosmetik, 31, 190 (1950) ?lm. Perfumer and Essent. Oil Rev., 66, 17 (1955). (16) Sanford, D., and Humoiler, F. L., ?lnal. Chem., 19, 404 (1947). (17) Brown, A. E., U.S. Patent No. 2,688,972 (1954). 18) Eau de Colognefabriek, J. C. Boldoot N.V., Dutch Patent No. 75,320 (1954). THE MAINTENANCE OF SKIN IN VITRO AS AN ORGAN SYSTEM* By ANGELICA FINDLE¾ and RONALD GILLETTE, PH.D.t Presented February 3, 1960, New York Chapter IN ou}t STUDIES on the homotransplantation of tissues a technique was devised to maintain full-thickness skin in tissue culture as an intact organ. Recent investigations (1, 2, 3) have indicated that treatment of tissues in vitro prior to grafting procedures, may defer the typical course of homograft rejection. In most tissue culture problems the object is to implant small pieces of tissue in vitro and to study the reactions of indi- vidual living cells. In such systems, the central portion of the tissue ex- plant become necrotic, generally in three to five days, and studies are done on the proliferating cellular outgrowth. Many of these migrating cells differentiate into embryonic forms. However, in order to explore the possibilities of adapting skin in vitro, a technique was needed which would provide for the maintenance of pieces of adult skin of adequate size for subsequent grafting and for the preservation of its structural integrity for a period of time long enough to permit experimentation. The problems encountered in any long term maintenance of intact tissue in vitro are too numerous to detail here. According to Paul in his recent text "Cell and Tissue Culture" (4), the name organ culture is a misnomer since it usually refers to the maintenance of small pieces of organs in vitro or to the growth of intact embryonic organs. Perfusion techniques em- ployed to maintain adult organs, e.g., heart and kidney, for short term experiments depend largely upon direct anastomoses of the apparatus with the vascular system of the organs and are therefore not applicable to skin. * The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Grant No. 4554 from the U.S. Public Health Service. t The New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, The Dept. of Surgery (Plastic), New York 21, N.Y.