55 BOOK REVIEWS FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY. International journal. Bi- monthly. Pergamon Press, Ltd., Oxford, London, New York, Paris. Annual Subscription •15 ($40), reduced rates for individual subscribers, and B.I.B.R.A. members. Congratulations are due to a distinguished member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain, Dr. L. Golberg (Director of B.I.B.R.A.), who has been responsible for the introduction of the new journal Food and Cosmetics Toxicology the publication of a new scientific periodical is not an undertaking to be shouldered lightly, but its editor is not a man easily submerged by difficulties. Nor need it be anticipated that this will be a dull and dreary compendium of toxicological investiga- tion the stimulating effect of its editor's lively approach is already evident in the pages of this first issue. It is stated that the journal will publish reviews and abstracts in a form that will be comprehensible not only to toxicologists, but in particular to others who have to make sense of toxicological data. The journal will also include papers reporting original research, much of which one can expect to have been undertaken actually within the laboratories of B.I.B.R.A., and digests of new world-wide legislation affecting food additives and cosmetics. One of the more interesting propositions is to persuade manufacturers to allow the journal to publish toxicological data that would otherwise remain buried in their own archives bearing in mind especially the cost of chronic feeding tests on animals, given sufficient co-operation this could result in avoiding a great deal of duplication of effort, and save industry as a whole a lot of wasted money. In the past there was little need to question the safety of cosmetics, partly because they were applied externally to the body and hardly likely to be ingested but also because only a limited range of ingredients sufficed for practically every requirement, and these materials were accepted as safe, on the basis of long-standing experience. Nowadays, the popularity of make-up for the lips and around the eyes has tended to augment the potential hazard, and the need for better and more versatile products has naturally created a demand for newer and better ingredients, of which the toxi- cological properties have yet to be revealed. So the appearance of a scientific periodical devoted to the problems of food and cosmetic toxicology (which often cover similar ground) is indeed timely. In fact, it is not only the newer raw materials that need to be questioned the first issue includes a review of the toxicology of titanium dioxide, which has long been accepted as a safe constituent for cosmetics though the precise grounds for this assumption will not be known to most of its users. It must undoubtedly have been a difficult task to find the materiM for the first issue of a new journal, and it remains to be seen whether a plentiful supply of original matter comes along. We are, at least, assured that the next issue will include a report by McLaughlin, Bidstrup and Konstam on "The effects of Hair Lacquer Sprays on the Lungs", which will be of direct interest to all cosmetic chemists. It may also be pertinent to mention that the B.I.B.R.A. Bulletin, containing more detailed reports on legislative matters and up-to-the-minute information on relevant problems, will continue in existence for the benefit of the research association's members. N.J. Van Abb6. RHEOLOGY OF EMULSIONS. Editor: P. Sherman. Pp. vii q- 146 q- Ill. {1963). Pergamon Press, Ltd., Oxford, London, New York, Paris. 50s. Rheology is a neglected subject and this is particularly true in the cosmetics sphere. Only one recent textbook on cosmetics---Volume 1 of de Navarre's The Chemistry and Manufacture of Cosmetics--has a chapter devoted to it. The reviewer appears to be the only practising cosmetic chemist who is a member of the British Society of Rheology. Rheology does not appear in the syllabus for the Society's Diploma course although the elements may be included under another heading. Yet theology is of paramount importance in all phases of the cosmetic chemist's work. The bulk of the time spent in the development of a hand lotion, for instance, is often on theological measurements and considerations. There is interdependence between the rheological properties of the lotion and manufacturing and filling plant and procedures, the style and particularly the orifice of the container from which the lotion is to be dispensed, and the usage properties of the lotion in the hands of the consumer. How many quality control specifications for emulsion products of all types, shampoos

56 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS and so on, do not include at least one theological measurement ? Shampoos introduce another interesting application of rheology, that of the foam produced. The trend towards semi-fluid and gel type cosmetic preparations will bring many tricky theological problems. An encouraging sign is the increasing number of papers on theological topics in the Journal, notably from American sources. The volume under review describes some of the most recent work on emulsion flow and is a report of the Proceedings of a Symposium held by the British Society of Rheology, at Harrogate, in October, 1962. Ten papers were given and discussed: "Effect of Droplet Flocculation on Emulsion Viscosity" by M. van den Tempel is concerned with the effect of particle interaction on the steady state viscosity of disper- sions. "Hydrodynamic Aspects of the Formation of Emulsions" by E. S. Raja Gopal. Usual theories of emulsification are concerned mainly with the stabilization of the dispersed phase once formed but in this paper a mechanism is proposed for the initial step, the disruption of the bulk interface between two liquids leading to the basic formation of the dispersed phase. "Free Energy Calculations of Diffuse Double Layer Systems. The Secondary Mini- mum" by M. J. Spamay is a study of the secondary minimum which is an essential feature of the theory of lyophobic colloids. "The Behaviour of Deformable Drops in Laminar Shear Flow" by S. G. Mason, a cinematographical presentation, is not reproduced. "Effect of Particle Aggregation on the Rheological Behaviour of Disperse Systems" by A. J. de Vries. A study is made of the particle aggregation in polymer latexes induced or accelerated by simple shear flow. The effect of various parameters is discussed by means of a theoretical model. "Stabilization of Emulsions with Gum Acacia" by E. Shotton and R. F. White is concerned with attempts to estimate the effects of particle size distribution and of the oil type on acacia stabilized emulsions and with the nature and properties of the stabili- zing film. "The Influence of Emulsifier Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Emulsions" by P. Sherman. The subject is re-examined in the light of recent work on the effect exerted by variation in mean globule size. Two systems are studied, water-in-liquid paraffin emulsions stabilized by sorbitan mono-oleate and liquid paraffin-in-water emulsions stabilized by sorbitan monolaurate. "The Dielectric Behaviour of Emulsions" by Tetsuya Hanai, Naokazu Koizumi and Rempei Gotoh. Wagner (1914) developed a theory of the interfacial polarization for a dilute dispersion of spherical particles and obtained an equation for the complex dielectric constant of a heterogeneous mixture. On the basis of their own experimental studies the authors propose a new theory applicable to concentrated dispersion systems. "The Effect of Concentration on the Viscosity of Suspensions and Emulsions" by T. Gillespie is a theoretical study using literature data and some new data mainly on polymer latexes. "The Physical Structure of Ice Cream" by D. J. Shaw. A study of the bulk theological behaviour supports the theory that the structure of ice cream is based on a network of fat droplets which are enveloped and joined together by denatured milk protein. The ensuing General Discussion is reproduced, and comprehensive author and subject indexes are appended. The volume is produced to the usual high standard of Pergamon Press, and although inevitably it will not have a wide public it is essential reading to those who wish to keep abreast ooe new developments in rheology and emulsion technology. R.P. Reeves. MICROAEROSOLS. L. Dautrebande. Pp. xi -[- 366 + Ill. (1962). Academic Press, New York and London. 96s. 6d. This book deals mainly with the properties of air-borne dispersates composed of particles well below 1 [z and thereby of respirable dimensions. In the cosmetic field, the term "aerosol" has a broader connotation and much of Dautrebande's material is therefore not truly relevant. This is not to say, however, that the cosmetic chemist can afford to ignore the considerations affecting small-particle aerosols this is, indeed, borne out in the recent controversy over the alleged hazard of lung-storage with hair sprays. The author's text, most of which is quite readily comprehensible to the reader with