896 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Figure 3. ß ' • ,'.,'•:':...:.'.•'.":. •.. i' Air in leads Figure 4. Air in finished pencil The problem of air is common to both graphite and cosmetic lead manufacturers. Solutions to this problem have been approached in many ways. Originally, a weight was repeatedly dropped on the lead mass until it was believed all air had been expelled. In recent years, in- vestigations into vacuum filling of cylinders and pouring molten wax into the cylinders have been carried out. These various methods have found

EXTRUSION OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS 807 .o• 10 5 ! I 5'5 61:) 65 7b 75 Melting ?oint, OC Figure 5. Melting point as a Junction of penetration 20 I I I I I I I I 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Breaking Strength, (cm) Figure 6. Breaking strength as a Junction of penetration application for some materials but a universal method for all materials has not yet been perfected. FORMULATION The formulations for eyebrow and lipliner pencils are similar in many respects to lipstick and stick eyeshadow. Sagarin (1) notes that eye- brow pencils are formulated similarly to cream-type eyeshadow. Harry (2) has made reference to a black eyebrow formulation which consists primarily of hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and lanolin.

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