HAIR GROWTH–PROMOTING EFFECT OF L. ESCULENTUM EXTRACT 441 the main components of LTS. Until now, there is no research on hair growth–promoting activity of purifi ed or authentic lycopene. In our results, although the purity of isolated lycopene is somewhat low ( 77.0%), crude L. esculentum extracts and isolated lycopene showed considerable hair growth–promoting activity. There are some limitations to this research study. The action mechanism of hair growth effect of minoxidil is not well known. In a previous study, Otomo (2002) proposed that minoxidil induces cell growth factors such as VEGF, IGF-1, and inhibits TGF-β-induced apoptosis of hair matrix cells (39). Therefore, we expected that quantities of growth fac- tors except TGF-β of minoxidil-treated mouse skin tissues were signifi cantly higher than that in the NC. But, in our study, quantities of VEGF and IGF-1 of minoxidil-treated mouse skin tissue were slightly higher, but not signifi cantly higher than that in the NC. The quantity of TGF-β of minoxidil-treated mice was slightly lower, but not signifi cant lower than that in the NC. In addition, quantities of KGF and IGF of test hair tonic– treated mouse skin tissue were higher than those in the NC. But quantity of VEGF of test hair tonic–treated mouse skin tissue was lower than that in the NC (Fig. 6). We need to further study the effect of test hair tonic containing 3% LTS on the mRNA level of growth factors. In conclusion, this study provides potent evidence that L. esculentum extracts and isolated lycopene promote hair growth, and suggests that applications could be found in hair loss treatments without any adverse effect with moderate doses. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a grant (no. S1079260) from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Republic of Korea. J.-S.C. and I.S.C. were also supported by the Global Healthcare Industry RIS Center from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Republic of Korea. REFERENCES (1) E. A. Olsen, “Androgenetic Alopecia,” in Disorders of hair growth: Diagnosis and treatment, E.A. Olsen. Eds. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994), pp. 257–283. (2) R. D. Sinclair, Male androgenetic alopecia (Part II). JMHG., 2(1), 38–44 (2005). (3) R. M. Trüeb, Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia. Exp. Gerontol., 37, 981–990 (2002). (4) S. Arase and Y. Snadamoto, Co-culture of human hair follicles and dermal papilla in a collage matrix. J. Dermatol., 17, 667–676 (1999). (5) Y. I. Kim, M. W. Lee, J. Kwon, C. H. Song, and C.H. Lee, Experimental studies on the factors related to hair loss in spontaneous hair loss C57BL/6N mice models. Korean J. Anat., 38(2), 133– 143 (2005). (6) T. Fujie, S. Katoh, H. Oura, Y. Urano, and S. Arase, The chemotactic effect of a dermal papilla cell-derived factor on outer root sheath cells. J. Dermatol. Sci., 25, 206–212 (2001). (7) D. M. Danilenko, B. D. Ring, and G. F. Pierce, Growth factors and cytokines in hair follicle develop- ment and cycling: Recent insights from animal models and the potentials for clinical therapy. Mol. Med. Today, 2, 460–467 (1996). (8) E. A. Olsen, F. E. Dunlap, T. Funicella, J. A. Koperski, J. M. Swinehart, E. H. Tschen, and R. J. Trancik, A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 47, 377–385 (2002).

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