518 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) (93) (94) (95) (96) (97) (98) (99) (100) (101) (102) (103) (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) (113) Kligman, A. M. Topical pharmacology and toxicology of dimethylsulfoxide. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 193 796 (1965). Fredriksson, T. Influence of solvents and surface active agents on the barrier function of the skin towards satin. I. Development of method. Acta Derrnato-Venereol. 43 91 (1963). Nabb, D. P., Stein, W. J. and Hayes, W. J., Jr. Rate of skin absorption of parathion and paraoxon. Arch. Environ. Health 12 501 (1966). Noakes, Diana N. and Sanderson D. M. A method for determining the dermal toxicity of pesticides. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 26 59 (1969). Vickers, C. F. H. Percutaneous absorption of sodium fusidate and fusidic acid. Brit. J. Derrnatol. 81 902 (1969). Snyder, F. H. Systemic toxicological reactions resulting from percutaneous absorption. J. Sec. Cosmet. Chem. 11 117 (1960). Blank, I. H., Griesemer, R. D. and Gould, E. The penetration of an anticholinesterase agent (SARIN) into skin. II. Autoradiographic studies. J. Invest. Derrnatol. 30 187 (1958). Fredriksson, T. Percutaneous absorption of parathion and paraoxon. Arch. Environ. Health 3 185 (1961). Jenkins, H. L. and Tresise, J. A. An adhesive-tape stripping technique for epidermal histology. J. Sec. Cosmet. Chern. 20 451 (1969). Blank, I. H. and Gould, H. Penetration of anionic surfactants (surface active agents) into skin. I. Penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium dodecyl sulphate into human excised skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 33 327 (1959). Marzulli, F. N., Callahan, J. F. and Brown, D. W. C. Chemical structure and skin penetrating capacity of a short series of organophosphates and phosphoric acid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 44 339 (1965). Sprott, W. E. Surfactants and percutaneous absorption. Trans. St. John's Hosp. Dermatol. Sec. 51 186 (1965). Samitz, M. H., Katz, S. A. and Shrager, J. D. Studies of the diffusion of chromium com- pounds through the skin. J. Invest. Derrnatol. 48 514 (1967). Aguiar, A. J. and Weiner, M. A. Percutaneous absorption studies on chloramphenicol solutions. J. Pharm. Sci. 58 210 (1969). Wahlberg, J. E. pH-changes in mercuric chloride solutions in contact with human and guinea-pig skin in vive and in vitro. Acta Derrnato-Venereol. 45 329 (1965). Barenson, G. S. and Burch, G. E. Studies of diffusion of water through dead human skin. The effect of different environmental studies and of chemical alterations of the epidermis. Arner. J. Trop. Med. 31 842 (1951). Loveday, D. E. An in vitro method for studying percutaneous absorption. J. Sec. Cosmet. Chern. 12 224 (1961). Whitehouse, A., Hancock, W. and Haldane, J.S. The osmotic passage of water and gases through human skin. Proc. Roy. Sec. 111 412 (1932). Brown, E. W. and Scott, W. O. The absorption of methyl salicylate by the human skin. J. Pharrnacol. Exp. Therap. 50 (32), 373 (1934). Fritsch, W. C. and Stoughton, R. B. The effect of temperature and humidity on the penetration of x4C-acetylsalicylic acid in excised skin. J. Invest. Derrnatol. 41 307 (1963). Blank, I. H., Scheuplein, R. J. and MacFarlane, J. D. Mechanism of percutaneous absorption. III. The effect of temperature on the transport of electrolytes across the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 49 (6) 582 (1967). Arita, T., Hori, R., Anmo, T., Washitake, M., Akatsu, M. and Yajima, T. Studies on percutaneous absorption of drugs I. C!in. Pharrnacol. Bull. 18 (5) 1045 (1970). Rothman, S. The principles of percutaneous absorption. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 28 1305 (1943). Rothman, S. •ber den Einfluss einiger dermatotherapeutischer Grundsubstanzen aufdie insensible Wasserabgabe der Haut. Arch. Dermatol. Syph. 131 549 (1921). Kahlenberg, L. On the passage of boric acid through the skin by osmosis. J. Biol. Chem. 62 149 (1924). Whitehouse, A. G. R. and Ramage, H. Permeability of human skin to electrolytes. Proc. Roy. Sec. Bl13 42 (1933). Lehmann, G. lJber die Resorption von Kohlens•iure aus Salzlbsungen und yon Salzlb- sungen selbst durch die Haut. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 55 331 (1937). Loeffier, R. K. and Thomas, V. A quantitative study of percutaneous absorption. I. Absorption of radiostrontium chloride in minute quantities through intact and mech- anically damaged rat skin. Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 5 48 (1951). Johnston, G. W. and Lee, C. O. A radioactive method of testing absorption from oint- ment bases. J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. 32 278 (1943).

PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION 519 (114) (115) (116) (117) (118) (119) (120) (121) (122) (123) (124) (125) (126) (127) (128) (129) (130) (131) (132) (133) (134) (135) (136) (137) (138) (139) (140) (141) (142) Skog, E. and Wahlberg, J. E. A comparative investigation of the percutaneous absorption of metal compounds in the guinea-pig by means of the radioactive isotopes •Cr, asCo, 6*Zn, xXOAg, xx*Cd, 2OaHg. J. Invest. Dermatol. 43 187 (1964). Tregear, R. T. The permeability of mammalian skin to ions. J. Invest. Derrnatol. 46 16 (1966). Blank, I. H. and Scheuplein, R. J. Transport into and within the skin. Brit. J. Dermatol. $1 Suppl. 4 4 (1969). Treherne, J. E. The permeability of skin to some nonelectrolytes. J. Physiol. (London) 133 171 (1956). Clendenning, W. E. and Stoughton, R. B. Importance of aq/lipid Keq for percutaneous absorption of weak electrolytes. J. Invest. DermatoL :39 47 (1962). Scheuplein, R. J., Blank, I. M., Brauner, G. J. and McFarlane, D. J. Percutaneous absorption of steroids. J. Invest. Dermatol. 52 63 (1969). Cart, R. D. and Wieland, R. G. Corticosteroid reservoir in the stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. 94 81 (1966). Blank, I. H. and Gould, E. II. Penetration of anionic surfactants into skin. Study of mechanisms which impede the penetration of synthetic anionic surfactants. J. Invest. Dermatol. 37 311 (1961). Blank, I. H. and Gould, E. III. Penetration from buffered sodium laurate solutions. J. Invest. DermatoL 37 485 (1961). Embery, G. and Dugard, P. H. The influence of dimethylsulphoxide on the percutaneous migration of potassium dodecyl [asS] sulphate. Brit. J. Dermatol. 81 Suppl. 4 63 (1969). Wahlberg, J. E. and Skog, E. Percutaneous absorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium. A comparative investigation in the guinea pig by means of 5•Cr. Arch. Dermatol. 92 315 0965). Samitz, M. H. and Katz, S. Preliminary studies on the reduction and binding of chromium with skin. Arch Dermatol. 88 184 (1963). Mali, J. W. H., Van Kooten, W. J. and Van Neer, F. C. J. Some aspects of the behaviour of chromium compounds in the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 41 111 (1964). Tregear, R. T. The permeability of skin to albtmfin, dextrans and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. J. Invest. Dermatol. 46 24 (1966). Kastin, A. J., Arimura, A. and Schally, A. V. Topical absorption of polypeptides with dimethylsulphoxide. Arch. Dermatol. 93 471 (1966). Iunin, A. N. Speed and duration of sulphur-35 penetration through animal skin. Biul. vses. Inst. Vet. Sanitar 2 11 (1957) or Int. Abstr. Biol. Sci. 14 No. 2331 (1959). Stoughton, R. B. and Fritsch, W. Influence of DMSO on human percutaneous absorption. Arch. Dermatol. 90 512 (1964). Jacob, S. W., Bishel, M. and Herschler, R. J. Dimethylsulfoxide: effects on the per- roeability of biological membranes. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 6 193 (1964). Stoughton, R. B. Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) induction of asteroid reservoir in human skin. Arch. Dermatol. 91 657 (1965). Munro, D. D. and Stoughton, R. B. Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and dimethylformamide (DMFA). Effect on percutaneous absorption. Arch. Dermatol. 92 585 (1965). Feldmann, R. J. and Maibach, H. I. Percutaneous penetration of x•C-hydrocortisone in man. II. Effects of certain bases and pretreatments. Arch. Derrnatol. 94 649 (1966). Maibach, H. I. and Feldmann, R. J. The effect of DMSO on percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone and testosterone in man. Amer. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 141 423 (1967). Wahlberg, J. E. and Skog, E. The effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the percutaneous absorption of mercuric chloride in the guinea pig. Acta Derrnato- VenereoL 47 209 (1967). Allenby, A. C., Creasey, N. H., Edgington, J. A. G., Fletcher, J. A. and Schoek, C. Mechanism of action of accelerants on skin penetration. Brit. J. Derrnatol. 81 Suppl. 4 47 (1969). Sweeney, T. H., Downes, A. H. and Matoltsy, A. G. The effect of DMSO on the epidermal water barrier. J. Invest. Dermatol. 46 300 (1966). Baker, H. The effects of DMSO, DMF and DMA on the cutaneous barrier to water in the human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 50 283 (1968). Vallette, G., Cavier, R. and Savel, J. Les factcurs physiques de l'absorption cutan6e des liquides organiques. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 97 241 (1954). Elf bating, S. G. and Laden, K. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on percutaneous absorp- tion: A mechanistic study. Part I. J. $oc. Cosmet. Chem. 19 119 (1968). Elfbaum, S. G. and Laden, K. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on percutaneous absorp- tion: A mechanistic study. Part II. J. $oc. Cosmet. Chem. 19 163 (1968).