J. Cosmet. Sci., 71, 377–383 (November/December 2020) 377 Antibacterial Activity of Senkyunolide A Isolated from Cnidium Offi cinale Extract TAE Y. KIM, HYUK C. KWON, SANG Y. LEE, CHUN M. LEE, KWANG S. LEE, and KUN K. LEE , Songpa R&D Center, Coreana Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Chenan-si, Chungcheognam-do 31041, South Korea Accepted for publication May 8, 2020. Synopsis In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-infl ammatory properties of Cnidium offi cinale hexane (COH) extract and senkyunolide A (SA). The antibacterial activities were measured using the paper disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur. COH extract showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 50 mg ml-1. The MICs of COH and SA were determined using the broth microdilution method. COH was found to be active on all the bacteria tested (10 d MIC d 20 mg ml-1). SA showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The anti-infl ammatory properties were determined using a pancreatic lipase inhibition activity method, lipoxygenase inhibition activity, and inhibition of nitric oxide production activity. COH and SA inhibited the production of nitric oxide by up to 50 μg ml-1 in a dose-dependent manner. COH and SA possess antibacterial and anti-infl ammatory activities. They could be used as antibacterial ingredients in various industries. INTRODUC T ION The huma n skin, which is the largest organ of the body, is composed of a variety of micro- bial genera associated with skin diseases, including Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, and Malassezia. Acne and dandruff are associated with hyperkeratosis, elevated levels of skin sebum, and the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur. P. acnes have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria that trigger infl ammation in acne, whereas M. furfur cause dan- druff in people who have overactive sebaceous glands (1). P. acnes and M. furfur, as a usual inhabitant of the human skin, play an important role in skin disease development, related to the regulation of numerous enzymatic activities. These include lipases, proteases, hy- aluronidases, and chemotactic factors (2). Among these enzymes, lipase has been recog- nized as one of the major factors involved in skin diseases such as acne, dandruff, and skin itching. Moreover, lipases promote infl ammation by inducing IL-6 production and Address all correspondence to Tae Y. Kim at taeyang8653@coreana.co.kr.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 378 oxidative stress. Bacteria such as P. acnes and M. furfur act as immune stimulators through the production of proinfl ammatory cytokines, which are involved in development of the infl ammatory process. P. acnes is an aerotolerant, anaerobic, gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium related to vari- ous skin conditions. It is commonly found on the skin (in pores and hair follicles) and plays an important role in acne development. M. furfu r is a lipophilic fungus that affects the hair and causes dandruff. Dandruff is gen- erally characterized by the presence of fl akes on the scalp and hair and is often accompa- nied by itching. The scalp represents a unique environment, with thick terminal hair, large numbers of sweat and sebaceous glands, and high relative humidity, creating favor- able conditions for microbial colonization (3,4). Acnes and dandruff are predicated by three major factors: colonization, sebum production, and individual predisposition. Plants’ secondary metabolites present in herbal drugs, cosmetic ingredients, and food are useful in the prevention and treatment of many diseases (5). Cnidium offi cinale belongs to the family Umbelliferae, and its roots have medicinal properties. In Asia, it has been tradition- ally used as an herbal treatment and is used to treat headaches, abdominal pain, and blood circulation. Senkyunolide A is a known major antioxidant constituent in C. offi cinale. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-infl ammatory properties of C. offi cinale hexane (COH) extract and senkyunolide A (SA) against P. acnes and M. furfur. MATERIAL S AND METHODS PLANT MA TERIALS AND EXTRACTION C. offi c inale root was collected from local market, and C. offi cinale roots were dried and ground to powder. The powder was extracted for 5 d using 70% ethanol, and then the extract was fi ltered. The crude extract was sequentially partitioned with n-hexane (Hex). The extract and Hex fractions were stored in tightly sealed collection bottles at -20°C until further analysis. SA SA (CFN 995 94, ChemFaces, Wuhan, China) was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine its purity. The mobile phase for HPLC consisted of acetonitrile (A) and water (B), using an optimized gradient elution of 50% B for 0–10 min and 50–5% B for 16–30 min. The fl ow rate was 1 ml min-1. The detection wavelength was maintained at 278 nm. MICROORGANISMS AND CULTURE P. acnes (ATCC 6919, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) was incubated in a reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) for 48 h at 37°C, under anaerobic conditions in a jar with a gas pack. M. furfur (ATCC 14521) was incubated in modifi ed Leeming– Notman broth (mLNB) for 96 h at 27°C.